धनञ्जय गोत्रीय मरसिनीको चिनारी

 

 

æxfdL dGqb|i6f Clifsf ;Gtfg xf}+, j}j:jt dg' xfd|f cflbd k'vf{ x'g\ .Æ

sfzLgfy d/fl;gL

d/]Ë *, cfFksf6], c3f{vfFrL, xfn sf7df08f}+ .

!= ljifo k|j]z

dfgjn] o; ;+;f/df hGDf lnPkl5 ;j{k|yd cfkm"nfO{ g} lrGg' kb{5 . d sf] x'F, sxfFaf6 cfPsf] x'F d]/f lktf, dftf / k'vf{ sf] x'g\, d]/f] hflt, wd{, b]z / /fli6«otf s'g xf] < cflb laifo hfGg' kb{5 . oL laifosf] hfgsf/Lkl5 cfˆgf] ;gftg wd{ / k/Dk/fsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpFg ;lsG5 . ;+If]kdf cfˆgf] kl/ro eg]sf] cfkm" hGd]sf] :yfg, b]z, wd{, j0f{, hflt, uf]q—k|j/ ;d]tsf] kl/ro g} ;SsnL kl/ro xf] . xfdL j}lbs ;gftg wd{sf cg'ofoL lxGb" cfo{hflt xf} . oyfy{df xfdL dGqb|i6f Clifsf  ;Gtfg xf} . xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] uf]q / k|j/sf] af/]df oyfy{ hfgsf/L gxFb'f cfˆgf] uf}/jdo k'vf{x?sf  ;xL kl/ro lbg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf+} .

 

xfd|f] k"jL{o jfª\do -j]b, pkj]b, pklgifb / k'/f0f cflb_ df dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ k|yd ;[li6sf ;DaGwdf uxg cWoog / ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f j]b, k'/f0fx? / ljleGg wfld{s u|Gyx¿ xfd|f k"j{h Pj+ Clifd'lgx¿n] dfgj sNof0fsfnflu /rgf u/]sf cd"No lglwx? x'g\ . oL wfld{s u|Gyx¿df a|Xdf08 / k[YjLsf] ;[li6 s;/L ePsf] xf] < ;[li6stf{ sf] x'g\ < eGg] af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg k'/f0fx? -a/fxk'/f0f, a|Xdk'/f0f / >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0f_df ;[li6 / ljsf;sf] sfnqmd cyf{t\ e"t, jt{dfg / eljio ;d]tnfO{ ljleGg efux¿df ljefhg u/L cfsng, d"Nofª\sg / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L k'/f0fx?n] ljleGg sNk, dGjGt/ / o'u cflbdf 36]sf 36gfx¿NffO{ klg cToGt /f]rs 9+un] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . k|:t't n]vdf ;[li6 / dfgjsf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf xfd|f] k"jL{o bz{gdf pNn]lvt s]xL k|;Ë ;lxt k|frLg k'vf{x¿sf] af/]df ;lª\IfKt hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ;[li6 ;DjGwL k"jL{o / kfZrfTo bz{gsf] wf/0ff

bz{gzf:qdf k"jL{o bz{gnfO{ ;a}eGbf k|frLg bz{g dflgG5 . kfZrfTo hutdf la1fgsf] hGDf x'g'eGbf klxn] ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf k"jL{o bz{gsf] ljsf; e};s]sf] lyof] . la1fgn] k"jL{o bz{gsf] dfu{bz{gsf] cfwf/df cˆgf] cg';Gwfg cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . k"jL{o bz{gsf] a|Xdf08 k'/f0fn] a|X|df08nfO{ cgGt / c;ª\Vo ?kdf j0f{g u/]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd lj1fg ;f}o{d08nleq kg]{ s]xL u|xx?;Dd dfq k'Ug ;s]sf] 5 . a|Xdf08 k'/f0fn] j0f{g u/]sf] ljzfn a|Xdf08;Dd la1fg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f}o{ d08n a|Xdf08leqsf] Pp6f ;fgf] lk08 xf] . ;f}o{ d08nleq xfn a'w, z'qm,

 

 

 

 

 

 

k[YjL, dª\un, j[x:klt, zlgZr/, c?0f / j?0f u|xx? 5g\ . k[YjL ;f}o{d08nsf] t];|f] 7"nf] u|x xf] .

;f}o{d08nleqsf] o; u|xdf g} ;d:t k|f0fL hutsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . dfgjsf] pTklQ / ljsf;

klg o;} u|xdf ePsf] 5 . cGo u|xx? a;f]jf; ug{ of]Uo 5}gg\ . ;f}o{ d08nleq kg]{ sltko

u|xxf? / ToxfF e} /xg] 36gfx? tyf ljzfn a|df08 jt{dfg ;do;Dd klg /x:odo ?kdf /x]sf

5g\ .

a/fxk'/f0f, a|Xdk'/f0f / >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fn] la/f6k'?ifnfO{ c;ª\Vo / cgGt a|Xdf08sf]

Psdfq ;[li6stf{, ;j{zlQmdfg :jfdL Pj+ ;~rfnssf] ?kdf ;lj:tf/ JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .

la/f6k'¿ifnfO{ k"0f{a|Xd jf k"0f{k/dfTdf klg elgG5 . pxfF chGdf, ;gftg, cljgf;L / cIf/ k'¿if

x'g'x'G5 . k/a|Xd lj/f6k'¿ifn] cfˆgf] arg zlQmåf/f ;tnf]s, cudnf]s / cnv nf]s tyf e"nf]s,

e"jnf]{s, :ju{nf]s, dxnf]s hgnf]s, tknf]s, e"tn, kftn, /;ftn, ljleGg åLkx¿ Pj+ ;ft ;d'Gb|

cflb ;a} /rgf ug'{ ePsf] j0f{g pQm k'/f0fx?df ul/Psf] 5 . la/f6k'?ifn] ;[li6 / a|Xdf08

;+rfngsf] nflu zf:jt k|fs[lts lgod agfpg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFaf6 k|ltkflbt lgodnfO{ s;}n] klg

pnª\3g ug{ ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts lgodnfO{ ;"o{, rGb|, k[YjL, ljleGg u|x, jfo', cfsfz, ;do, kfgL,

cUgL, ag:klt / k|f0fLhut ;a}n] clgjfo{ ?kdf kfng ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;"o{n]

k|sfz / tfk glbg], rGb|dfn] zLtntf glbg], jfo'n] jiff{ glbg], k[YjLn] jg:kltnfO{ pj{/ zlQm tyf

k|f0fL hutnfO{ cf>o glbg] xf] eg] ;[li6 ;+rfng x'b}g . t;y{ k|fs[lts lgodnfO{ :jefljs u'0fsf]

?kdf ;d]t lnO{G5 .

a|Xdf08, ;[li6, k[YjL / dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf ;DjGwdf kfZrfTo / k"jL{o bz{gsf

km/s km/s wf/0ff, l;4fGt, dfGotf / b[li6sf]0fx? /x]sf 5g\ . kfZrfTo bz{gn] k[YjLsf] pTklQ

cGt/LIfdf ePsf] 7"nf] lj:kmf]6gsf] sf/0f cfheGbf s/La rf/ c/a rf}jGg s/f]8 aif{ klxn]

;"o{af6 6'lqmP/ cfPsf] Pp6f 6'qmfaf6 ePsf] atfpFb5 eg] jt{dfg dfgjnfO{, ljsf;jfbL l;4fGt

cg';f/ cldjf, hnr/k|f0fL To;kl5 :ynr/k|f0fL / lrDkf~hLsf] ljsf;qmd kf/ub{} ljsf; ePsf]

ljsl;t ?k dfGb5 . t/ k"jL{o bz{gn] k[YjL / dfgj hfltsf] pTklQsf] d"n :f|f]t k/a|Xd k/dfTdf

lj/f6k'¿ifnfO{ atfpFb5 . k"jL{o bz{gsf] cfwf/df Hof]ltifzf:qLx?n] ;[li6sf] k|f/De cfheGbf sl/j

Ps c/a kGrfGfAa] s/f]8 cG7fpGg nfv krf;L xhf/ Ps;o kGw|aif{ klxn] ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf

5g\ eg] e"ue{ljb\ k|f]=k]/Ln] la1fgsf] ;xfotfsf] cfwf/df /]l8odsf] vf]håf/f k[YjLsf] pTklQ bz

s/f]8 aif{ klxn] ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . t/ o['udfgsf lx;fjn] k[YjLsf] pTklQ afx| s/f]8 aif{ klxn]

ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . k"jL{o bz{g / cfw'lgs a}1flgsx? aLr, k[YjLsf] pTklQ xhf/f}+ aif{ klxn] ePsf]

xf] jf s/f}8f}+ aif{ klxn] ePsf] xf] < k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ub{5 jf ;"o{n] k[YjLsf] kl/qmdf ub{5 <

;+;f/ 8'Ag] u/L e"tsfndf k[YjLdf af9L cfPsf] lyof], lyPg < k|f0fLx? la:tf/} ljsl;t ePsf x'g\

cyjf O{Zj/Lo ;[li6 x'g\ < s] a|Xdf08 cgGt 5 < s] cfO{G:6fO{gsf] l/n]l6lel6 l;4fGt 7Ls 5 <

eGg] ljifodf jt{dfg ;do;Dd klg k"jL{o / klZrdL bz{g aLr dte]bx? sfod} 5g\ .

k"j{sfnsf a}1flgsx?n] wd{df lgs} cf:yf /fVg] ub{y] . pgLx?n] wd{ / la1fgsf aLrdf ;DaGw

:yflkt ug]{ sf]lzif klg ub{y] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Go'6gn] u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] sf/0f u|xx?n] ;"o{sf]

kl/qmdf ub{5g\ eGb} o:tf] x'g'df O{Zj/Lo zlQmnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . /f]dg Sofyf]lns rr{n]

 

PSsfO{;f} ztflAbeGbf k"j{ a}1flgs l;4fGt dfGg] / gdfGg] clwsf/ cfkm";+u ;'/lIft ePsf] bfjL

ub{Yof] . o;}sf/0f a|'gf]nfO{ cdfGo a}1flgs l;4fGt agfPsf] sf/0f lhpFb} hnfO{Psf] lyof] eg]

Uoflnlncf]nfO{ k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ub{5 eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ lkmtf{ lng afWo ul/Psf] lyof] . t/

jt{dfg ;dodf rr{n] w]/}h:ff] :yflkt a}1flgs l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;k|sf/ a|Xdf08, ;[li6

/ k[YjLsf] pTklQ af/]df ;a}sf cf—cfˆgf cg'dfg / ts{x¿ 5g\ .
 

#= ljleGg sNk / o'ux¿sf] k|;Ë

k"jL{o bz{gdf ;[li6qmd / ljsf;sf] ;do u0fgfsf] nflu sNk zAb j}lbs sfnb]lv k|of]udf cfPsf]

kfO{G5 . ;gftg lxGb"wd{df sNk w]/}nfdf] ;dorqmnfO{ dfkg ug]{ Pp6f k|lz4 dfkb08 xf] .

lxGb"wd{df dfgj hLjgsf] cfo' ;fdfGotof Ps;o jif{ dfGg] ul/G5 . To;}u/L ;[li6stf{ a|XdfhLsf]

cfo' klg Ps;o jif{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . t/ dfgj / a|XdfhLsf] cfo'sf] u0fgfdf eg] 7"nf]

leGgtf 5 . a|Xdfsf] Pslbg a/fa/sf] ;donfO{ sNk elgG5 . a|Xdfsf] k|To]s lbgsf] ;dflKtkl5

k|no x'G5 . a|XdfhLsf] /fqLsfnsf] ;do g} k|no xf] . k|nosf] ;do klg a|XdfhLsf] lbgh:t} nfdf]

x'G5 . /ftlat]kl5 a|XdfhLn] k'gM gofF ;[li6 cf/De ug'{ x'G5 . o;k|sf/ sNk / o'ux? klg lbg/ft

h:t} lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf x'G5g\ egL >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fdf atfO{Psf] 5 .

dg'ionf]sdf cfhsf] ;"of]{bob]lv ef]nL laxfgsf] ;"of]{bo;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ Pslbg cyf{t\ @$ 306f

jf ^) 38L dflgG5 . #^% lbgsf] Psjif{ x'G5 . o'u eg]sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t jif{NffO{ dfkg ug]{ OsfO{

xf] . >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fdf dof{bfk'?iff]Qd eujfg\ >L /fdrGb|sf] /fHosfnkl5 q]tfo'u ;dflKt

e} åfk/ o'usf] k|f/De ePsf] / /fhf kl/lIftsf] ;dob]lv jt{dfg slno'u k|f/De ePsf] atfO{Psf]

5 . jt{dfg slno'u of] jif{;Dd %!!^ jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5 . ;dorqm cg';f/ clxn] Zj]t

j/fxsNksf] j}j:jt dGjGt/ rln/x]sf] 5 . clxn] xfdL Zj]tj/fxsNk cGtu{tsf] c¶fO{;f}+

slno'usf] k|yd r/0fdf 5f}+ . slno'usf] ;do ;Ldf $,#@,))) jif{ atfO{Psf] 5 . slno'usf]

;do eGbf åfk/, q]tf / ;Too'usf] ;do qmdzM b'O{u'0ff, tLgu'0ff / rf/u'0ff 7"nf] 5 . To;}n]

åfk/o'usf] ;do *,^$,))) jif{, q]tfo'usf] ;do !@,(^,))) jif{ / :fToo'usf] ;donfO{

!&,@*,))) jif{ dflgPsf] 5 . oL rf/}o'usf] ;+o'Qm cjlwnfO{ Ps rt'o{'uL elgG5 . o:tf !,)))

j6f rt'o{'uLsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ Pp6f sNksf] ;do dflgG5 . o;k|sf/ a|XdfhLsf] Pslbg dfgj

hLjgsf] $,#@,)),)),))) (rf/ c/a aQL; s/f]8) jif{ a/fa/sf] x'G5 . a|Xdfsf] Psjif{ lji0f'sf]

! lbg x'G5, lji0f'sf] Psjif{ ¿b|sf] ! lbg x'G5 . a|XdfhLsf] cfo' %) aif{ k'uL;s]sf] 5 . xfn

a|XdfhLsf] %! aif{sf] klxnf] sNk rNb}5 . o; sNkdf klg @& j6f rt'o'{uL lalt;s]sf 5g\ . ca

sNkgf u/f}{ a|XdfhLsf] PslbgnfO{ Pp6f sNksf] ?kdf dfGbf %) aif{df slt sNk,slt o'u / slt

dGjGt/ lat] xf]nfg\ <

a|Xdfsf] Ps dlxgfdf tL;j6f sNk x'G5g\, ltgLx?nfO{ Zj]tj/fx sNk, gLnnf]lxt cflb ljleGg

gfdn] ;ª\s]t ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|To]s sNknfO{ !$ j6f efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L

ljefhg ul/Psf] v08 jf ;donfO{ dGjGt/ elgG5 . cyf{t\ Pp6f sNksf] ;dofjlw

$,#@,)),)),))) (rf/ c/a aQL; s/f]8) jif{nfO{ !$ n] efuubf{ x'g cfpg] efukmn nueu

 

#),*%,&!,$@( (tL;s/f]8 krf:fLnf; PsxQ/ xhf/ rf/;o pgGtL;) jif{ g} Ps dGjGt/sf]

;do xf] . t;y{ Pp6f sNkdf !$ dGjGt/ x'G5g\ . oL dGjGt/ klg e"t, jt{dfg / eljiot\

sfnu/L tLgsfnv08df 3'ld/xG5g\ . k|To]s dGjGt/df a]Unfa}Un} dg', ;KtifL{, OGb| / OGb|f0fL x'g]

u5{g\ . k|To]s dGjGt/df Pshgf dg'n] ;[li6l:yltsf] lhDdf kfPsf x'G5g\ . oxL dg' zAbaf6

dflg;nfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ dg'io, dg'jf, dfG5] jf dflg; zAbsf] pTklQ ePsf] xf] . a/fxk'/f0fdf rf}w

dg'x?sf] gfd o;k|sf/ atfO{Psf] 5 —:jo+e'j, :jf/f]lrif, pQd, tfdfz, /}jts, rfIf'if, j}j:jt,

;fjl0f{, bIf;fjl0f{, a|X|d;fjl0f{, wd{;fjl0f{, ?b|;fjl0f{, b]j;fjl0f{ / OGb| ;fjl0f{ . lxGb" ;dorqmsf]

dfkg ljlw cg';f/ ;To, q]tf, åfk/ / slno'u s/Lj &! k6s3'Dbf Pp6f dg'sf] ;do ;lsG5 .

jt{dfg sNkdf 5 j6f dg'x? -:jo+e'j, :jf/f]lrif, pQd, tfdfz, /}jts, rfIf'if_ n] ef]u ul/;s]sf

5g\ . jt{dfg dg' j}j:jt x'g\ . o; sNksf oL ;ftf} gDj/sf dg' x'g\ . j}j:jt dg' g} jt{dfg

dfgj hfltsf cflbd k"vf{ x'g\ . j}j:jt dg' a|XdfhLsf dfg;k'q d/Llrsf knflt sZokClifsf

gflt ljj:jf;sf 5f]/f x'g\ . j}j:jt dg'sf OIjfs', geu, 3[i6, zof]lt, gl/ioGt,gfefu, lbi6,

s?k, k[ifw' / a;'e/ gfds bzk'qx? lyP egL j/fxk'/f0f / >Ldb\efujtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

ljleGg sNk, dGjGt/, dg' / o'ux?sf] k|;ËnfO{ oxL 5f8]/ ca eujfg\ lji0f'sf cjtf/x¿ af/]

5f]6f] rrf{ u/f}+ .
 

$= eujfg\ lji0f'sf cjtf/x¿

lj/f6k'?if k"0f{k/dfTdfn] dfgjnfO{ ;Tsd{k|lt pTk|]l/t u/L hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg / wd{sf]

/Iffub}{ ;[li6nfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg ljleGg ;dodf leGg leGg ¿kdf o; k[YjLdf cjtf/ lng'

ePsf] k|;Ë k'/f0fx?df kfO{G5 . ;a} cjtf/x?nfO{ la/f6k'?ifsf km/s km/s ?k atfO{Psf] 5 .

j/fxk'/f0fdf eujfg\ lji0f'sf rf}aL; cjtf/x?sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . oL dWo] dT:o, s'd{, j/fx,

g[l;+x, jfdg, k/z'/fd, /fd, s[i0f, a'4 / slNs cjtf/nfO{ d'Vo bz cjtf/ dflgG5 . eujfg\

lji0f'n] ;Too'udf dT:o, s'd{, j/fx / g[l;+x cjtf/, q]tf o'udf jfdg, k/z'/fd / /fd cjtf/,

åfk/ o'usf] cGTolt/ s[i0f cjtf/ / slno'udf eujfg\ lji0f'n] a'4 cjtf/ lng' ePsf] rrf{ j/fx

k'/f0fdf ul/Psf] 5 . eujfg\ lji0f'sf oL cjtf/x? ljz]if p2]Zon] ePsf 5g\ . ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf

ha j]bx?nfO{ /fIf;u0fn] ckx/0f u/L ;d'b|df nu]/ n'sfPsf lyP ta eujfg\ lji0f'n] dT:o

cjtf/ lnO{ j]bx¿sf] /Iff ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . j]bx? eujfg\af6 pTklQ ePsf k|frLg k|fs[t 1fgsf

e08f/ x'g\ . j]bx?nfO{ >'lt1fg klg elgG5 . j]b / k'/f0fx? / dxfef/tnfO{ ;j{k|yd ;:s[tefiffdf

lnlka4 ug]{ sfd cfheGbf s/Lj %))) jif{ klxn] kf/fz/ Clif / ;TofjtL (dT:ou+wf) af6

xl:tgfk'/sf] od'gf gbLsf] t6df hGdg' ePsf j]bJof;n] ug'{ ePsf] xf] . eujfg\ lji0f'n], b]jtf /

bfgjx? ldnL ;d'b| dGyg ubf{ s5'jfsf] cjtf/ lnO{ dbfgL agfO{Psf] laGbfrnkj{tnfO{ cfˆgf]

z/L/df wf/0fu/L b]ju0fx?nfO{ cd[tkfg u/fO{ cd/Tj k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L lx/0ffIf

gfds /fIf;af6 /;ftndf k'¥ofO{PsL k[YjLnfO{ p4f/ ug{ lji0f' eujfg\n] j/fx cjtf/ lng' ePsf]

lyof] . lx/0osZokaf6 eQm k|XNffbsf] /Iff ug{ eujfg\n] g[l;+x cjtf/ lng' ePsf] j0f{g k'/f0fx?n]

u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L eujfg\ lji0f'n] jln/fhf / /fj0fsf] 3d08 gi6ug{ qmdzM jfdg tyf /fd

 

cjtf/ lng' ePsf] lyof] eg] c;'/x?af6 a|fXd0f / b]ju0fsf] /Iffug{ k/z'/fd cjtf/ lng' ePsf]

lyof] .

åfk/o'udf wd{sf] /Iffu/L sd{of]u, 1fgof]u / elQmof]usf] lzIff lbg lji0f'n] s[i0f eujfg\sf] ¿kdf

cjtf/ lng' eof] . eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] >Ldb\efujtuLtfdf lbg' ePsf] pkb]z / lzIff ;Dk"0f{

dfgjsf]nflu sNof0fsf/L 5 . o:t} xTof, lx+;fsf] dfu{ k/LTofu u/L clx+;fsf] dfu{ ckgfpg tyf

rf/ cfo{ ;Tosf] 1fgåf/f tTj1fg k|bfg ug{ eujfg\ lji0f'n] g]kfnsf] n'lDjgL c~rnsf] ?kGb]xL

lhNnfsf] n'lDjgL eGGf] :yfgdf /fhf z'4f]wg / /fgL dfofb]jLsf] sf]vaf6 O{zfk"j{ %^# df l;4fy{

uf}tdsf] ?kdf hGdL kl5 j'4Tj k|fKt u/L eujfg\ j'4sf] gfdaf6 k|Voft x'g' eof] . pxfFsf] gfdaf6

g} j'4wd{ ljZje/ km}lnPsf] 5 . xfn ljZjsf s/Lj ^=&& k|ltzt hgtfn] j'4 wd{ cg'z/0f

ul//x]sf 5g\ . eljiodf eujfg\ lji0f'n] sNsL cjtf/ lng jfFsL g} 5 .
 

%= a|XdfhLsf] pTklQ

>Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fsf cg';f/ jt{dfg sNksf] k|f/Dedf of] k[YjL cGwsf/do hndf 8'a]sf]

lyof] . k"j{sNksf] cGTokl5 eujfg\ >Lxl/ lji0f' ;[li6 /rgfaf6 lj>fd lnP/ ljzfn hnfzodf

z]ifz}ofdf zog ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;[li6sf] k|To]s sNksf] k|f/Dedf eujfg\ >Lxl/ lji0f' hndf

zog ug'{x'G5 t;Yf{ pxfFnfO{ gf/fo0f klg elgG5 . >Lxl/ lji0f' z]ifz}ofdf zog ug]{ ;donfO{

cxf]/fq elgG5 . cxf]/fqdf ;[li6 ;DaGwL s'g} sfo{ x'b}g . cxf]/fqsf] ;dodf eujfg\ lji0f'n]

cfkm'n] k"j{ sNksf /rgf u/]sf ;Af} ;[li6nfO{ cfkm}df ;dflxt u/]/ ljzfn hnfzodf z]ifgfudfly

zog ug'{ ePsf] x'G5 . tfTsfnLg ;dodf pxfF / ;dorqm afx]s c¿ s]xL x'Fb}g, r/fr/ hut

z'Go x'G5 . oxL ;dorqmn] cxf]/fqsf] ;do ;lsPkl5 eujfg\ >Lxl/ lji0f'nfO{ of]ulgb|faf6

Jo'tfpFb5 . eujfg\ >Lxl/ lji0f' Ao'Ft]kl5 pxfFsf] gfleaf6 sdnsf] km"n pTkGg x'G5 / ;f] km"ndf

>Lxl/ lji0f'n] a|XdfhLnfO{ :yflkt u/fO{ ;[li6 cf/De ug{ cf1f lbg'x'G5 . o;k|sf/ a|XdfhLsf]

pTklQ lIf/;fu/df lji0f'sf] gfleaf6 pTklQ ePsf] sdnsf] km"ndfly ePsf] lyof] egL k"jL{o

bz{gn] atfPsf] 5 .

eujfg\ >L xl/ lji0f'

 

^=s"nb]jtf cyf{t\ eujfg\ j/fxsf] pTklQ

j/fxk'/f0f cg';f/ eujfg\ lji0f'sf] cf1f cg';f/ a|XdfhLn] ;[li6 cf/De ubf{ rf/}lt/ hnfdo b]Vg'

eof] . k[YjLsf] cefjdf ;[li6 cf/De ug{ c;Dejb]vL a|XdfhLn] k'gM >Lxl/ lji0f'sf] cf/fwgf ug'{

eof] . eujfg\ lji0f'n] klg k[YjLnfO{ st} gb]v]kl5 b[li6uf]r/ ubf{ lx/0osZoksf] efO{ lx/0ffIf

gfds /fIf;n] k[YjLnfO{ ckx/0f u/L hnleq /;ftndf nu]/ n'sfO{ /fv]sf] yfxf kfpg' eof] . ;[li6

;+rfng ug{ k[YjLsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L eujfg\ lji0f'n] k[YjLsf] p4f/ ug{ a|XdfhLsf] gfsaf6

;'Id ?kdf j/fx cjtf/ lng' eof] . eujfg\ j/fxsf] ;'Id ?k hGdgf;fy ljzfnsfo aGof] /

lx/0ffIf /fIf;;+u w]/} aif{;Dd o'4u/L /fIf;nfO{ df/L k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf] 9f8df /fvL y't'gfn] prfnL

/;ftnaf6 aflx/ lgsfnL p4f/ ug'{ eof] . oLg} j/fx eujfg\ g} ;a} lxGb"x?sf s"nb]jtf x'g'x'G5 .

jt{dfg sNk g} pxfFsf] gfdaf6 /x]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] sNknfO{ Zj]tj/fx sNk elgG5 . of] sNk z'?

ePsf] sl/j Ps c/a ;GtfGfAa] s/f]8 pgGtL; nfv pgGkrf; xhf/ Ps;o kGw|aif{ ePsf]

cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . xfdLn] b'O{ jf tLgaif{df cfˆgf] k/Dk/f cg';f/ ;uf]qLo aGw'afGwjx¿ Ps

7fpFdf e]nf e} oLg} j/fx eujfg\nfO{ s"nb]jtfsf] ?kdf k"hf ug]{ ub{5f}+ . s"nk"hfsf] laz]if dxTj

5 . cfˆgf] k"j{hx?k|lt >4f, elQm k|s6 u/L pgLx?n] b]vfPsf] ;Tdfu{sf] cg'z/0f ub}{ cfkm" /

cfˆgf] ;Gtltx?sf] ;'v,zflGt / ;d[l4sf]nflu zf:qLoljlw cg';f/ ul/g] k"hf g} s"nk"hf xf] .

a/fx eujfg\ -s"nb]jtf_

 

&= a|XdfhLsf] k|f/lDes ;[li6

k'/f0fx¿n] ;[li6sf] k|f/De z'Gotfaf6 ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . ;j{k|yd z'Goaf6 zAb, zAbaf6 cfsfz,

cfsfzaf6 jfo', jfo'af6 t]h, t]haf6 hn / hnaf6 ;[li6 cf/De ePsf] atfO{Psf] 5 .

>Ldb\efujtsf cg';f/ lIf/;fu/df z]ifgfudfly ;'t]sf eujfg\ gf/fo0fsf] gfleaf6 pTkGg

sdnsf] km"ndf a;]sf a|XdfhLn] eujfg\ a/fxn] k[YjLsf] p4f/ u/]kl5 >Lxl/ lji0f'sf] cf1fg';f/

;[li6 cf/De ug'{ eof] . a|XdfhLn] ;a{k|yd lIf/;fu/sf] rf/} lbzfdf gh/ nufpg' eof], kl/0ffd

:j¿k a|XdfhLsf rf/d'v eP . ;[li6sf] qmddf a|XdfhLsf d'vaf6 ;j{k|yd ljBfls clwi7fqL b]jL

;/:jtL, kfFrj]b—CUj]b, oh'j]{b, ;fdj]b, cyj{j]b / k'/f0f tyf Oltxf;, rf/ pkj]b— cfo'j]{b,

wg'j]{b, ufGwj]{b / :yfkToj]b cflb pTklQ eP . ;[li6 /rgf ug{ cft'/ /hu'0f o'Qm a|Xdfn] a]b,

pkj]b pTklQ u/]kl5 cfˆgf] arg zlQmaf6 ;j{k|yd ;gs, ;gGbg, ;gftg / ;gTs'df/ rf/k'q

pTkGg u/L oL d'gLx?nfO{ ;[li6 ug{ cf1f lbg' eof] . k/Gt' oL d'lgx? hGdb]lv g} ;[li6tkm{ gnfuL

df]Ifdfu{tkm{ nfu] . ;[li6 lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] cfk'måf/f pTkGg u/]sf k'qx?n] cfˆgf] cf1f pnª\3g

u/]sf] b]Vbf a|XdfhLnfO{ crfgs qmf]w pTkGg eof] . qmf]wnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]kl5 pxfFsf]

nnf6af6 tTsfn lgnf] / /ftf] j0f{ ePsf] k|r08 Hof]lt pTkGg eof] . a|XdfhLsf] qmf]wsf] sf/0f

pQm Hof]ltaf6 cw{gf/LZj/ afnssf] pTkGg eof] . pQm afnsn] hGdgf;fy ¿b} cfˆgf] gfd

atfO{lbg cfu|x u/]kl5 a|XdfhLn] ;f] jfnssf] gfd ¿b| /flvlbg' eof] .

*=b]ju0f / Clifx?sf] pTklQ

a|XdfhLåf/f pTkGg eujfg\ ¿b|sf] cw{gf/LZj/ zl//sf] k'¿if :j?kaf6 dGo, dg', dlxg;, dcfg,

lzj, CtWjh, pu|/]tf, ej, sfn, jfdb]j / w[tj|t gfds ?b|x¿ tyf gf/L] :j?kaf6 wL, j[lQ,

pzgf, pdf, lgo't\, ;lk{, O{nf, clDasf, O{/fjlt, ;"wf / bLIff gfds ?b|L0fLx¿ pTkGg eP

h;nfO{ xfdL P3f/ ?b|Lsf] ¿kdf k'hf ub{5f+} . o;kl5 a|XdfhLn] ;[li6 ;~rfng ug{ cfˆgf] dgaf6

d/Llr, cfFvfaf6 clq, d'vaf6 c+lu/f, sfgaf6 k'nT:o, gfleaf6 k'nx, xftaf6 qmt', 5fnfaf6 e[u',

k|f0faf6 jlzi7, cf}nfaf6 bIf k|hfklt, 5fofFaf6 sGbe{, sf]vaf6 gf/b cflb bz k'qx? pTkGg ug'{

eof] . ;[li6 lj:tf/sf nflu zlQmzfnL Clifd'lgx?, ?b|flb b]jtfx? pTkGg ubf{ klg ck]Iffs[t

?kdf ;[li6 lj:tf/ x'g ;s]g . o;kl5 a|XdfhLn] k'gM ;ª\sNk u/L d}y'lg lqmofaf6 ;[li6 lj:tf/

ug{ cfˆgf] zl//af6 Ps k'¿if / Ps sGof pTkGg ug'{ eof] h;sf] gfd :joDe'j dg' / zt?kf

/flvof] . a|XdfhLn] cfkm'n] pTkGg u/]sf ;a} b]ju0f tyf b]jL / jg:klt hutnfO{ j+z

lj:tf/sf]nflu ljz]if /hu'0f k|bfg u/L cfˆgf] j+z lj:tf/ ug{ cfb]z lbg' eof] . kl/0ffd :j?k

/hjLo{sf] cGt/lqmofaf6 ;fngfn ;lxt, c08f / kl;gfsf] dfWodaf6 dfgj tyf hLjx?sf] pTklQ

/ ljsf; x'g yfNof] . hdLgaf6 pTklQ x'g] jg:klt hut klg /hu'0fsf] dfWodaf6 g} ljsf; /

lj:tf/ x'g yfNof] . o;k|sf/ k"jL{o bz{gn] dfgj ;dfhsf] ;[li6sf] z'?jft a|XdfhLn] ug'{ ePsf]

atfPsf] 5 .

 

(= dg'sf ;Gtltåf/f ;Gtfgf]TklQ / ;[li6 lj:tf/

a|XdfhLaf6 pTkGg :joDe'j dg' / pgsf] >Ldlt zt?kfaf6 d}y'lg lqmofaf6 lk|oj|t / pQfgkfb

gfds b'O{ 5f]/f tyf cfs[lt, b]jx'lt / k|;'lt gfds tLg sGofx? pTkGg eP . pQfgkfbsf] ljjfx

;'gLlt / ;'?rL;+u eof] . ;'gLltaf6 w|'a / ;'?rLaf6 pQd gfds k'q pTkGg eP . lk|oa|tsf]

ljjfx ljZjsdf{sL 5f]/L alxidlt;+u eof] . lk|oa|taf6 ;d|f6 / s"lIf gfds b'O{ sGof tyf cfUgLw|,

OWdlhGx, o1afx', dxfjL/, lx/0o/]tf, 3[tk[i7, ;jg, d]wfltly, jLlxxf]q / slj gfds bzk'q hGd] .

oL dWo] slj, dxfjL/ / ;jg of]u kf/fo0f / k'gh{Gd ;DaGwL j[tfGt hfGg] 7"nf 1fgL a|Xdrf/L

dxfk'¿if ag] . jfFsL ;ft 5f]/fx?nfO{ lk|oa|tn] ;ftåLk hDa', zfNdn, nIo, zfs, k'is/, ;jg /

s'z afl8lbP . o; cltl/Qm lk|oa|tsf pQd, tfd; / /}jt gfds 5f]/fx? klg hGd]sf lyP .

lk|oa|tn] 5f]/L ph{:jltsf] ljjfx e[u' Clif;+u ul/lbPsf lyP . e[u' >[lifsf] csf]{ ljjfx

lx/0oslzk'sL 5f]/L bLJof;+u klg ePsf] lyof] . bLJofaf6 z'qmfrfo{sf] hGd eof] . z'qmfrfo{af6

b]jofgLsf] hGdeof] . b]jofgLsf] ljjfx ooflt;+u ePsf] lyof] . dg'n] 5f]/L cfs[ltsf] ljjfx ¿lr

k|hfklt;Fu, b]jx'ltsf] ljjfx sb{dhL / k|;'ltsf] ljjfx bIf k|hfklt;Fu ul/lbP . cfs[ltaf6 o1 /

blIf0ff tyf b]jx'ltaf6 slknb]jsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
 

!)= bIf k|hfkltsf 5f]/Lx?;+u Clifu0fx?sf] ljjfx

ljleGg k'/f0fx¿df bIfk|hfkltsf kTgL / 5f]/Lx?sf] ;+Vof km/s km/s atfO{Psf] 5 . bIf k|hfkltn]

cfˆgf sGofx? dWo] ;q sGofx?sf] ljjfx d/Llrsf dfg; k'q sZok Clif;+u ul/lbPsf lyP .

sZok Clifls kTgL clbltaf6 cflbTo cyf{t\ b]ju0f, bLltaf6 b}To, bg'af6 bfgj, sfi7faf6

3f]8fx?, clgi7faf6 uGwj{, ;'/;faf6 /fIf;, O{nfaf6 j[If, d'lgaf6 cK;/fu0f, qmf]wjwfaf6 ;k{,

;"/leaf6 ufO{ / e};L, ;/efaf6 lx+;skz'x?, tfd|faf6 s's'/x?, ltdLaf6 hnr/k|f0fLx?,

jLldtfaf6 u?0f / c?0f, sb|'af6 gfu, kt+luaf6 k+lIfu0f, oldlgaf6 zne cflbsf] hGd ePsf]

atfO{Psf] 5 . o;}u/L bIf k|hfklt / pgsf] >Ldlt k|;'ltaf6 rf}aL; sGofx¿sf] hGd]sf lyP . bIf

k|hfkltn] oL dWo] t]x| sGofx¿ >4f, nIdL, k"li6, w[lt, t"li6, d]3f, qmLof, a'l4, nHhf, jk', zflGt,

/Ll4 / sLlt{sf] ljjfx wd{;+u u/LlbPsf lyP . bIf k|hfkltn] 5f]/L ;ltb]jLsf] ljjfx eujfg\

lzj;+u ul/lbPsf lyP . ;ltb]jL / lzjhLsf] ljjfxsf] k|;Ë >L:j:yfgL a|tsyfdf klg kfO{G5 .

of] syf xfdLn] k/Dk/fb]lv >j0f / jfrg ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . o;}u/L bIfsGof Vofltsf] ljjfx e[u';+u,

;De"ltsf] ljjfx d/Llr;+u, :d[ltsf] ljjfx c+lu/f;+u, k|Lltsf] ljjfx k'nT:o;+u, Ifdfsf] ljjfx

k'nx;+u, s[ltsf] ljjfx ;Gglt;+u, cg;'ofsf] ljjfx clq;+u, phf{sf] ljjfx alzi7;+u, :jfxfsf]

ljjfx clUg;+u tyf :jwfsf] ljjfx lkt[;+u ePsf] lyof] egL k'/f0fx?n] atfPsf 5g\ .
 

!!= b]jsGofx?;+u ;KtC[lifsf] ljjfx

:joDe"j dg'af6 hGd]sL b]jx'ltaf6 gf} sGofx? hGd]sf lyP . oL sGofx?sf] ljjfx klg

;KtClif;+u ePsf] lyof] . sb{dClifn] b]jx'tLaf6 hGd]sL snfsf] ljjfx d/Llr;+u, cg;"ofsf]

 

 

 

ljjfx cqL;+u, >4fsf] c+lu/f;+u, xjLsf] k'nT:o;+u, utLsf] k'nx;+u, s[kfsf] qmt';+u, c?GwtLsf]

alzi7;+u / zfGtLsf] ljjfx cyj{u0f;+u ul/lbPsf lyP . w]/} b]ju0f / /fIf;u0f Pp6} lktf sZok

Clifaf6 hGd]sf] k|;Ë k'/f0fx?df pNn]v 5 . sZok ClifnfO{ k|f0fL hutsf] lktf klg elgG5 .

sZokClifsL kTgL cbLltnfO{ b]ju0fsL cfdf / bLltnfO{ b}Tosf] cfdfsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . o;}u/L

z'qmrfo{nfO{ b}To / j[x:kltnfO{ b]jtfsf u'? dflgG5 . o;k|sf/ dg' / bIf k|hfkltsf sGofx?af6

g} ;a} hfltsf] j+z lj:tf/ ePsf] j0f{g k'/f0fx?df ul/Psf] 5 . a|XdfhLaf6 pTklQ ePsf :jo+e'j

dg' / pgsf] >Ldlt zt?kfaf6 hGd]sf lk|oj|t / pQfgkfb gfds b'O{ 5f]/f tyf cfs[lt, b]jx'lt

/ k|;'lt gfds tLg sGofx? / oL sGofx?af6 pTkGg ;Gtltx? g} xfdL dfgj hfltsf w]/}

klxn]sf k|yd k'vf{x? x'g\ . k"j{sfndf oLg} tLgsGofx?sf ;Gtltaf6 of] ;+;f/ 9flsPsf] j0f{g

>Ldb\efujt k'/f0fdf kfO{G5 . of] ljzfn j+zsf] Oltj[lt lj:tf/k"j{s oxfF pNn]v ug{ ;Dej 5}g .

dfgj hfltsf k|yd o'usf k|frLg k"j{hx¿sf] 5f]6f] hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] dfq of] k|;Ë pNn]v

ul/Psf] xf] .
 

!@=Clifx¿sf] k|;Ë

;gftg wd{n] k"jL{o bz{gdf ljZjf; /fVb5 . k"jL{o bz{g kfZrfTo bz{geGbf w]/} k|frLg, pRr,

uxg, 1fgj4{s / nf]s sNof0fsf/L 5 . k|To]s dGjGt/df ljz]if lsl;dsf k"j{ k'?ifx? x'G5g\

h;nfO{ ;KtClif elgG5 . dGjGt/}lkR5] ;KtClif klg cnu cnu gfdsf x'G5g\ . jt{dfg

dGjGt/sf ;KtClifx? ljZjfldq, hdblUg, ef/åfh, uf}td, clq, jlzi7 / sZok x'g\ .

Clifd'lgx?n] nf]ssNof0fsf nflu cfˆgf] ;j{:j kl/Tofu u/L of]u, hk, tk / ;fwgfu/L tTj1fg

k|fKt u/]sf lyP . pgLx? e"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf 1ftf lyP . pgLx?df jrg, :d/0f / dGqzlQm

lyof] . tTj1fgåf/f pgLx?n] k"0f{k/dfTdf;+u ;fIffTsf/ ;d]t ub{y] . ;KtClif / tL ;Fu ;Da4

Clifx?sf] gfdaf6 g} uf]qx? ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . t;y{ Clifx? dg'io hftLsf k"j{ k'?if cyf{t\

k|yd leGg uf]qsf k'vf{ x'g\ . j}lbssfnsf ClifdWo] ljZjfldq lgs} 7"nf Clif lyP . ljZjfldq

Clifsf] gfd j]b, k'/f0f / /fdfo0fdf oqtq kfO{G5 . ljZjfldq Clif wg~ho uf]qsf k|j/ Clif

;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf ca Psl5g pgsf] hGd / pgsf k"j{hx?sf] af/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ u/f}+ .
 

!#= ljZjfldq Clifsf] hGd ;DaGwL k|;Ë

ljZjfldq Clifsf] hGd ;DjGwL k|;Ë o:tf] 5 – ljZjfldq Clif If]qLo /fhj+zdf hGd]sf lyP .

oLgsf lktfsf] gfd uflw / dftfsf] gfd kf}¿s'T;L lyof] . ljZjfldqsL lbbL uflwk'qL ;TojtL /

legfh' e[u'j+zL lj4fg\ Clif CrLs lyP . ljZjfldqsf lktf uflwn] k'q k|flKtsf] lgldQ cfˆgf HjfO{

CrLs Clifsf] cfrfo{Tjdf Ps o1 u/]sf lyP . ljZjfldqsL lbbL ;TofjtL klg cfˆgf klt ;dfg

;'of]Uo k'qsf] rfxgf lnP/ To; o1df lgod k"j{s ;l/s ePsL lyO{g\ . o1 ;DkGgePkl5

ljlwk"j{s r? vfPkl5 ue{ /xGYof] . cfdf kf}?s'T;Lsf] :jfy{a; cfdf5f]/L ldn]/ o1sf] k|;fb r?

;f6f;f6 u/]/ vfP . If]qLo /fhf uflwn] If]qLof]lrt u'0f ul/dfn] o'Qm k'qsf] ck]Iff u/]sf lyP .

pd]/ cln 3ls{;s]sf Clif CrLssL kTgL ;TofjtLn] clei6 a|Xd1fgL lj4fg Clifsf] rfxgf

/fv]sL lyO{g\ . r? ;f6f;f6 u/L vfPkl5 To;sf] kl/0ffd 7Ls pN6f] eof] . kf}?s'T;Lsf] ue{af6

 

a|fXd0f :jefj ePsf ljZj/y gfds lzz'sf] hGd eof],hf] kl5 uP/ ljZjfldq Clifsf] gfdaf6

k|lz4 eP .

s= ljZjfldqClifaf6 zs'Gtnfsf] hGd / cGtl/Ifdf ;KtClifsf] :ju{ d08n lgdf{0f

ljZjfldq / alzi7 Clif aLr sfdw]g' (glGbgL) gfd u/]sL ufO{sf] laifonfO{ lnP/ 7"nf] o'4 ePsf]

lyof] . pQm o'4df k/flht ePkl5 ljZjfldq /fhsfh 5f8L a|XdzlQm k|fKt ug{ s7f]/ tk:of ug{

yfn] . pgsf] s7Lg tk:ofaf6 :ju{sf /fhf OGb| nufot cGo b]ju0fdf vNjnL dlRrg yfNof] .

:ju{nf]saf6 OGb|n] d]gsf gfds cK;/f k7fO{ ljZjfldqsf] tk:of eË ug{ nufP . 7"nf] k|of;kl5

d]gsf tk:of eË u/fpg ;kmn eO{g\ . d]gsf -cK;/f__ / ljZjfldqaf6 zs'Gtnf gfds sGofsf]

hGd eof] . zs'Gtnfsf] hGdkl5 d]gsf cfˆgf] gjhft jflnsf zs'GtnfnfO{ jgdf PSn} 5f8L

:ju{nf]s tkm{ nflug\ eg] ljZjfldqn] k'gM xhf/f} jif{;Dd tk:of u/] . jgdf 3'Dbf s0j Clifn]

gjhft jflnsf zs'GtnfnfO{ km]nfkf/L cfˆgf] cf>ddf NofO{ kfng kf]if0f u/L b'ioGt /fhf;+u

ljjfx ul/lbP, logaf6 e/t gfd u/]sf /fhs'df/sf] hGd eof] . oLg} e/t /fhfsf gfdaf6

lxGb":yfgsf] gfd ef/t /xg uPsf] xf] . e/t /fhfsf] j+zdf kf08j / sf}/jx?sf] hGd ePsf] j+z

k/Dk/f kfO{G5 . s7Lg tk:ofsf] andf cGttM ljZjfldqn] a|Xd0fTj k|fKtu/L a|Xdlif{ AfGg ;kmn

eP . Psk6s ljZjfldqn] lqaGwgsf] 5f]/f /fhf ;Toa|tnfO{ -qLzª\s' ;z/L/ :ju{nf]sdf k7fPsf

lyP . :ju{sf /fhf O{Gb|n] cfˆgf u'?åf/f r08fnsf] >fk kfPsf qLzª\s'nfO{ ;z/L/ :ju{df cfPsf]

b]vL pgnfO{ ToxfFaf6 ws]lnlbP . qLzª\s' cfˆgf] 6fpsf] tnkf/L :ju{af6 k[YjLtkm{ lug{ yfn] .

qLzª\s'n] cfˆgf] arfp ug{ ljZjfldqnfO{ k|fy{gf ug{ yfn] . ljZjfldqn] qLzª\s'nfO{ cfˆgf]

tkf]jnsf] zlQmåf/f cGtl/Ifdf g} /f]sL qLzª\s' / ;KtClifsf] nflu 5'§} :ju{nf]s agfP . pgn]

cGtl/Ifdf :yfkgf u/]sf] ;KtClifsf] :ju{ d08n -tf/f d08n_ clxn] klg xfdL /ftsf] ;dodf

cfsf;u+ufdf b]Vg ;Sb5f} . >Ldb\efujtsf] gjd :sGwdf pQm k|;Ë pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

v= ljZjfldq Clifsf k"j{hx? tyf uf]qu0fx?

ljZjfldq Clifsf k"j{hx?sf] Oltxf; k'/f0fx?df lj:t[t ?kdf n]lvPsf] 5 . pgsf k'vf{x?sf] gfd

o;k|sf/ atfO{Psf] 5 — :joDe'j dg' / zt?kf /fgLaf6 hGd]sL b]jx'ltsf] ljjfx sb{d Clif;+u

ePsf] lyof] . b]jx'ltaf6 slknb]j Clif / snf, cg;"of, >4f, xjL, utL, s[kf, VoftL, c?GwtL /

zfGtL u/L gf} sGofx?sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . sb{d Clifn] oL sGofx¿sf] ljjfx qmdzM dl/lr,

clq, c+lu/f, k'n:o, k'nx,qmt' e[u', jlzi7 / cyj{0f gfds Clifx?;+u ul/lbPsf lyP . clq

Clifaf6 rGb|df, rGb|dfaf6 a'w, a'waf6 k'?/jf, k'?/jfaf6 ljho, ljhoaf6 eLd, eLdaf6 sf~rg,

sf~rgaf6 xf]q, xf]qaf6 hGx', hGx'af6 k'?, k'?af6 jnfs, jnfsaf6 chs, chsaf6 s'z,

s'zaf6 s'zfDa', s'zfDa'af6 uflw, uflwaf6 ljZjfldqsf] hGDf ePsf] atfO{Psf] 5 . ljZjfldq 7"nf

uf]qLo Clif x'g\ . ljZjfldq k|j/sf08df w]/} uf]qsfClifx? /x]sf 5g\, oLgnfO{ bz uf]qu0fleq

;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; sf08df s'lzs, /f]lxt, /f}If, sfdsfog, ch, c3dif{0f, k"/0f, OGb|sf}lzs,

wg~ho / st uf]qu0f /x]sf 5g\ .

 

u=ljZjfldqClifsf k'qx? tyf wg~ho uf]q cGt/utsf y/x?

If]qLos"ndf hGdL a|Xdlif{ aGg k'u]sf ljZjfldqsf /]0f', ;fnjlt / dfwjL gfds >Ldltx?af6

/]0f'dfg, ;ª\s[lt / d'b\un u/L Ps;o 5f]/fx? hlGdPsf lyP . logn] j/0f u/]sf h]7f 5f]/fsf] gfd

dw'R5Gbf;M xf] . lognfO{ dw'R5Gbf klg elgG5 . CUj]bsf] klxnf] dGqb|i6f g} dw'R5Gbf x'g\ .

d/fl;gL y/df b'O{j6f uf]q 5g\ — sf}l8No / wg~ho . sf}l8No uf]q cGtu{t Kofs'/]n cfrfo{,

;fksf]6f, ;Tofn, k/fh'nL, af:sf]6f, d/fl;gL -:ofª\hfsf_, lqtfn, Gof}kfg], jfUn] yfkf,vKt8L

v8\sf, sfnLsf]6] v8\sf, kb]?, xdfn, n+h]/, cfrfo{ cflb kb{5g\ .

u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, kfNkf, Ko'7fg / jfUn'ª\ tyf tL :yfgaf6 a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L t/fO{ / sf7df08f}+

nufotsf ljleGg :yfgx?df a;f]af; ul//x]sf d/fl;gLx? wg~ho Clifsf ;GttLx¿ x'g\ .

wg~ho uf]qleq l/hfn, x'dfufFO{, d/fl;gL, e';fn, e08f/L -e';fn_, a:ofn, a:g]t, v'nfn

a'9fyf]sL, u'/fufFO{, v'nfn yfkf, jon, a'8yfkf -s'Fj/_, av/]n, k+u]gL, wdnf -wdf}nL_, 9fF6, 8'd|],

3f]8f;}gL, uf}/LlkKknL, s's'/sf6], cf]v/]n / ks'jfn cflb y/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . wg~houf]qLo

d/fl;gLx? l/hfn y/;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ . wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLx?n] k|frLg k'vf{sf] Oltxf;

vf]Hbf l/hfnx¿nfO{ la;{g' xF'b}g . wg~ho uf]qLo l/hfnx?sf] Oltxf; ;f] uf]qsf d/fl;gLx?sf]

klg Oltxf; xf] . wg~ho uf]qLo l/hfnx? g]kfn / ef/tsf] ljleGg efudf km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ .

jt{dfg ;do;Dd o; j+zdf slt k':tf lat] ;f] sf] k"0f{ clen]v km]nf kfg{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
 

!$=wg~ho d/fl;gLsf d"n k'¿if

kf}/fl0fs sfnkl5 j+zfjnL ;DjGwL Oltxf; n]Vg] k|rng w]/}kl5 dfq z'? eof] . jt{dfg j}j:jt

dg'sf kf}/fl0fs sfnkl5sf ;a} ;Gtltx?sf] clen]v k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . t;y{ z'?b]lv

clxn];Ddsf] cBfjlws j+zfjnL s;}sf] klg 5}g . pknAw Oltxf;, clen]v, cg';Gwfg /

lsDablGtsf] cfwf/df jt{dfg ;dodf clwsf+z y/sf lj4fgx?af6 cf— cfˆgf] j+z k/Dk/fsf]

klxrfg ug{ j+zfjnL n]Vg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 .

c3f{vfFrL lhNnfdf cfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf d"n k'¿if sf] lyP eGg]

;Gbe{df 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{n] ældNs]sf lemNsfÆ gfds k':tsdf x]dGt' l/hfnnfO{ d"n k'¿if

atfpg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ x]dGt'sf rf/efO{ 5f]/fx¿ /fdrGb|, km;'{, Psb]j / sfGt' lyP .

xfn;Ddsf] vf]h Pj+ cg';Gwfgaf6 c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] x+;k'/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t kg]{

afd¿s eGg] :yfgdf cfO{ a;f]jf; u/]sf x]dGt' nfO{ g} wg~ho d/fl;gLsf d"n k'¿if ePsf]

cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . x]dGt'eGbf k"j{ afd¿s jf c3f{df s'g} d/fl;gL lyP < lyPgg\ < eGg]

hfgsf/L / clen]v xfn;Dd k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . of] yk cg';Gwfgsf] laifo ag]sf] 5 .

x]dGt'sf h]7f 5f]/f /fdrGb|sf ;GttLx? afd¿s, c3f{vfFrLsf] lvlbd / lsd8f8fdf a;f]jf; ug'{

ePsf] 5 t/ pgsf dfO{nf 5f]/f kmz'{, ;fO{nf 5f]/f Psb]j / sfG5f 5f]/f sfGt'sf] j+zj[If xfn;Dd

kQf nufpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kfNkf lhNnfsf] uf]v'Ëf, c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] d/]ª\, eujtL / u'NdL

lhNnfsf] 7"nfr]SdL, ef8ufFp, cv{n] tyf tD3f;df a;f]af; u/]sf d/fl;gLx¿sf k"j{h x]dGt'sf

dfO{nf,;fO{nf tyf sfG5f 5f]/fx¿ qmdzM kmz'{, Psb]j / sfGt'sf ;Gtltx¿ x'g\ ls eGg] cg'dfg

ul/Psf] 5 . lsgls oLgsf ;GttLx?sf] j+zj[If jfd?s, lvlbd / Ko'7fgdf kfO{b}g . jfd?saf6

 

nueu Ps} ;dodf lvlbd, uf]v'Ëf, 7"nfr]SdL / tD3f;sf d/fl;gLsf k"j{hn] a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/]sf]

;do klg ldNbf] h'Nbf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ uf]v'Ëf, 7"nfr]SdL, eujtL, ef8ufFp, cv{n] / tD3f;

d/fl;gLx¿sf k"j{h x]dGt'sf 5f]/f kmz'{, Psb]j / sfGt' ePsf] cg'dfg ;Totfsf] w]/} glhs 5

tfklg o; laifodf yk cg';Gwfg cfjZos 5 .

!%=>L !))* ;Gt zlzw/ :jfdL

:jfdL k|kGgfrfo{sf cg';f/ jfd?ssf x]dGt' d/fl;gLsf rf/efO{ 5f]/fx¿ dWo] h]7f 5f]/f

/fdrGbaf6 k|yd k'qsf ¿kdf nfndl0f, nfndl0faf6 lbz} -bLlIft_ / lbz} af6 k|yd /Tgsf] ¿kdf

;Gt >L !))* zlzw/ :jfdLsf] hGd ljqmd ;Djt\ !&&) df c3f{vFfrL lhNnfsf] afd?sdf ePsf]

xf] . æzlzw/ :jfdL hf]:dl0f ;Dk|bfosf k|jt{s,;:s[t efiffsf k|sf08 ljåfg, j]b, wd{zf:q /

k'/f0fsf 1ftf, dxfg bfz{lgs, u9jfnL ;flxTosf cflbslj, Hof]ltd'lg— lzj:jfdL—e'/]afafsf

lzio, x7of]uL l;l4k|fKt tflGqs ;Gt dxfk'?if ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . ;Gt >L zlzw/ :jfdLn] ljqmd

;Djt\ !*)! lt/ klZrd g]kfnsf] dxfsfnL kf/L kg]{ kf}8L u9jfndf /x]sf] Sof]Fsfn]Zj/ dlGb/sf]

hL0ff]{4f/ u/L ToxfF cfkm' / u'?sf] nflu cf>d ;d]t agfpg' ePsf] lyof] . kl5 So+f]Fsfn]Zj/ dlGb/

eGbfdflysf] 8fF8fdf u'? / cfˆgf] nflu u'kmf agfO s]xL ;do pQm u'kmfdf klg a:g' ePsf] lyof] .

;f] :yfg cfh klg u'kmf8fF8fsf] gfdn] k|lz4 5 . zlzw/ :jfdL lj=;+ !*!) ;Dd kf}8L u8jfndf

a:g' eof] . kf}8L u9jfndf zlzw/ :jfdLn] cfˆgf u'? Hof]ltd'gLbf;sf] gfdaf6 d'gL ;Dk|bfo /

kf}8L d7sf] :yfkgf ;d]t ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 pxfF rfnL; aif{sf] hjfgL pd]/df cfˆgf]

hGd:yn c3f{vfFrLsf] afd?sdf kms{g' eof] . hGde"lddf kmls{bf zlzw/ :jfdL em/em/fpFbf l;4

of]uL tyf lj4fg, k|tfk zfx / g/]Gb|zfx h:tf /fhf dxf/fhfsf u'? ;d]t alg;Sg' ePsf] lyof] .

afd?s cfPkl5 pxfFn] ljjfx ug'{ eof] . ljjfx kZrft\ pxfF slxNo} kf}8L u8jfn hfg' ePg .

afd?s cfPkl5 :jfdLhL s]xL ;do vg u'kmfdf a:g' eof], ToxL g} nIdLgf/fo0fsf] hGd eof] .

vg u'kmfdf a:bf pxfFn] u'kmf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu u'7Lsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ldnfpg' ePsf] lyof] .

To;kl5 pxfF u'NdL lhNnfsf] /];'Ëfdf uO{ s'6L agfO{ a:g yfNg' eof] . zlzw/ :jfdLhLn] g]kfndf

eGbf ef/tsf] u9jfndf lgs} k|lz4L kfpg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] hjfgL cj:yfsf] lrq u9jfnL

lrqsf/n] ;hLj ?kdf ;'gsf] kfgLn] ptf/L kf}8L d7df afs;leq ;'/lIft ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 eGg]

s'/f 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{n] ældNs]sf lemNsfÆ gfds k':tsdf lj:tf/k"j{s n]Vg' ePsf] 5 .

/];'Ëfsf] r'r'/f]df zlzw/ / pxfFsf 5f]/f nIdLgf/fo0fsf] ;dflw :ynsf] d7 cBflk 5 .

 

/];'Ëfsf] r'r'/f]df zlzw/ :jfdL / pxfFsf 5f]/f nIdLgf/fo0fsf] ;dflw :yndf lgld{t d7
 

!^=wg~ho uf]qsf cu|h JolQmx?

wg~ho uf]qsf cu|h JolQm dWo] /fhgLlts If]qaf6 lj/f6gu/sf 8f= gu]Gb| k|;fb l/hfn lj=;+=

@)#) ;fndf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL ;d]t aGg' ePsf] lyof] . cfBflTds If]qdf dxfk'?ifsf] ?kdf

c3f{vfFrLsf] jfd?sdf >L !))* zlzw/ :jfdL / pxfFaf6 jfn a|Xdrf/L k|e' >L nIdLgf/fo0fsf]

hGd ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L lvlbddf hlGdg' ePsf dxfkl08t blw/fd d/fl;gL, wg~ho

d/fl;gL,kf}/fl0fs ljåfg jfdb]j kl08t, tf/fgfy d/fl;gL / b08kfl0f d/fl;gL, lsd8fF8fdf hGdg'

ePsf wg~o d/fl;gL tyf c3f{vfFrL s} d/]ª\ cfFksf6]df hlGdg' ePsf sd{of]uL ;dfh;]jL

v8fgGb d/fl;gL cflbsf] wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] >Lj[l4df 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
 

!&=uf]qfsf/ Clif / k|j/ Clif

uf]q rnfpg] k|d'v ClifnfO{ uf]qfsf/ Clif elgG5 . j+z k|jt{s Clifd'lgsf gfdaf6 rnL cfPsf]

k'Vof}{nL lrgfpg] pkgfd g} uf]q xf] . uf]q rnfpg] Clifkl5 pQm uf]qnfO{ j/0f ug]{ k|d'v ClifnfO{

k|j/ Clif elgG5 . uf]qsf/ Clifkl5 ;f] uf]qsf] j+z km}nfpg] d'Vo Clif g} k|j/ x'g\ . o; cy{df

uf]q eg]sf] Clifsf] vns jf ;Gtlt xf] . t;y{ ljZjfldq, hdblUg, ef/åfh, uf}td, clq, jlzi7,

sZok oL ;ftClif / cf7f}+ cu:To Clifsf hlt ;Gtlt x'g\ tL ;a} uf]q x'g\ . oLgnfO{ uf]qsf/ jf

uf]qk|jt{s Clif jf uf]qClif eg]/ lrlgG5 . ljZjfldq uf]q k|j/sf08df bz uf]qu0f /x]sf] k|;Ë

dfly pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . oxfF uf]qLo Clif / k|j/ Clifx?sf] gfdfjnL hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of;

ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f uf]qdf Psb]lv kfFr;Dd k|j/ Clif /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ k|j/ klg !, @, # / %

/x]sf 5g\ . $ k|j/ 5}g / % eGbf a9L k|j/ xFb' }g . wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] k|j/ tLg /x]sf 5g\

– ljZjfldq, dw'R5Gb / wg~ho . ljleGg uf]q / k|j/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kj{t{s Clifx¿sf]

;+Vof $( /x]sf] 5 . oL uf]q / k|j/Clifx¿sf] gfd lgDg 5 —

!= cfq]o — cfq]o, cr{gfg;, ZofjfZjM . @= clq —clq, cr{gfg;, ZofjfZjM .

# =sf}l8No—sf}l8No, jlzi7, d}qj¿0fM . $= sfZok — sfZok, cfjT;/, g}w|'jM . %= sf}lzs —

sf}lzs, hfdbUGo,cfoDoM ^= sf}lzs—sf}lzs,c3dif{0f, ljZjfldqM . &= sf}lzs — sf}lzs, b]j/ft,

cf}bnM . *= uf}td—uf}td,clË/;, ptTYoM . (= df}b\|uNo — df}b\|uNo, c+lu/;, efDof{ZjM .

!)= jlzi7 — jlzi7, O{Gb|k|dbf, e/b|;'M . !!= wg~ho — ljZjfldq, dw'R5Gb;M, wg~hoM .

!@= uu{ — uu{, ufUo{M, uf}td, ljZjfldq, kf/fzo{M . !#= jT; — efu{j, Rofjg,cfKtjfg\, cf}j{M .

!$ =sfTofog — sfTofog, lji0f', clË/;M . !%= k/fz/—jlzi7, zlQm, k/fz/M . !^= sfZok —

sfZok, jT;, g}w|'jM. !&= a[x:klt— a[x:klt, slkn, kfj{0fM . !*= cul:t — cul:t, h}ldlg, blwlrM

. !(= cu:To — cu:To, jlzi7, afx{:kToM . @)= uf}td—clË/f, jlzi7, afx{:kToM . @!= sfg —

cZjTo, b]jt, b]j;]gM . @@= ef/åfh—ef/åfh, clË/;, afx{:kToM . @#= ldlxn— ldlxn, cl;t,

b]jnM . @$= cfq]o — cfq]o, zftftkM ;fª\VoM. @%= zfl08No—zfl08No, cl;t, b]jnM .

@^= ;f+s[To— ;f+s[To, jlzi7, Jofx/M . @&= s[i0fflq—s[i0ffq]o, cfKnfjg, ;f/:jtM . @*= zf}gs —

zf}gs, jlzi7, kf/fz/M . @(= xfl/t — xfl/t, b]j/fh, ljZjfldqM . #)= sf}l8Go — sf}l8Go, clq,

sf}lzsM . #!= cfnfa's — ;fu;, uf}td, jlzi7M . #@= lji0f'j[l4—lji0f'j[l4, sf}jk'R5M .

##= pkdGo' — alzi7, OGb|k|dbf, e/å;'M . #$= pkdGo —pkdGo' ,slkn, lj¿hM . #%= sgj6—

sgj6, c:j:Ty, b]jnM . #^= s[i0ffj;' — ;Jo, Joog, ;f/:jtM . #&= lzlzx/ — lzlzx/, sf}lzs,

hfdbUGoM . #*= j}of3|— j}of3|, ;f+s[lt, df08JoM . #(= hdblUg—hdblUg, jlzi7, cf}j{M .

$)= slkn — slkn, sf~rg, ljZjfldqM . $!= clË/;—clË/;, afx{:kTo, cf}b'Da/M . $@= df}g; —

df}g;, j}txJo, ;]gLM . $#= uf}td—uf}td, clË/;, ;f}tYoM . $$= jT; — jT;, cf}j{, Rojg, efu{j,

hfdbUGoM . $%= ldlx/—ldlx/f;g, jlzi7, cf}j{, Rojg, hfdbUGoM . $^= Zff+s6fog—zf+s6fog,

clË/;, cne, cfyj{0f, j}zDkfogM . $&= ;fj0f{—;fj0f{, cf}j{, Rofjg, hfdbUGo, cfKtjfg\M . $*=

uu{ — ufUo{, 3[tsf}lzn, df08Jo, cyj{, j}zDkfogM . $(= ljZjfldq—ljZjfldq, d/Llr, sf}lzsM .

!*= lxGb" wd{ ;DaGwL ;lª\IfKt k|;Ë

s= wd{sf] kl/efiff

dfgj ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} wd{sf] cy{ Pj+ kl/efiff klg ;dfh / JolQm cg';f/

km/s km/s kfO{G5 . ;fdfGotof wd{ eGgfn] b}jL zlQm, k/dfTdf cyjf cb[Zo zlQmdf ul/g]

ljZjf;, To:tf zlQm;+u ul/g] g}lts cfr/0f, Jojxf/, d"No, dfGotf, cf:yf Pj+ ljZjf; eGg]

a'lemG5 . lxGb" wd{zf:qsf 1ftfx?n] a[xt\ cy{df wd{nfO{ a|Xdf08sf clwklt k"0f{k/dfTdf;+u dfgj

;DaGw :yfkgf u/fpg] kljq 1fgsf] ?kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . sltkon] wd{nfO{ hLj / dfgjsf]

:jefljs u'0f klg dfg]sf 5g\ . s;}n] wd{nfO{ g}lts d"No / cfr/0fsf] ?kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\

eg] s;}n] cg'i7fg / r]tgf z'l4s/0fsf] ?kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . k|frLgsfnb]lv dWoo'usf]

cGTo;Dd dfgj hLjg k"0f{ ?kdf wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] . tfTsfnLg ;dodf wd{ g} d"n sfg'g

 

lyof] . k/Gt' cfw'lgs o'udf wd{ / sfg"g cnu cnu ljwfsf ?kdf ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . jt{dfg

o'u a}1flgso'u ePsf] sf/0f wd{ Pj+ k"jL{o bz{gk|lt hgcf:yf klg sd x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

v= ljZjsf] k|frLg wd{

lxGb" wd{ ljZjsf] ;a} wd{ eGbf k'/fgf] t];|f] 7"nf] wd{ xf] . ;g\ @)!@ df ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0f

cg';f/ ljZjsf s/Lj kGw| k|ltzt cyf{t\ Ps c/a qLkGg s/f]8 hgtfn] lxGb" wd{sf] cg'z/0f

ul//x]sf 5g\ . lxGb" wd{df pkf;gfsf ljleGg k4ltx?, ljleGg dtx?, ;Dk|bfox? / bz{gx?

;d]l6Psf 5g\ . j}i0fj ;Dk|bfon] lji0f'nfO{ k/d]Zj/ dfGb5g\ eg] z}j ;Dk|bfon] lzjnfO{ k/d]Zj/

dfGb5g\ . o;}u/L zfSt ;Dk|bfon] b]jLnfO{ k/dzlQm dfGb5g\ eg] :dft{ ;Dk|bfon] k/d]Zj/sf

ljleGg ?knfO{ Pp6} dfGGf] ub{5g\ . o; wd{df ;a} dt, ;Dk|bfo / b]jL, b]jtfx?k|lt ;dfg ?kdf

cf:yf, >4f / ;Ddfg k|s6 ul/G5 . ljleGg b]jL b]jtfx?nfO{ k[ys k[ys ?kdf k"hf ul/P klg

;a}nfO{ Pp6} b]jL / b]jtfsf km/s km/s :j?ksf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . t;Yf{ of] wd{ cg]stfdf Pstf

ePsf] Ps]Zj/jfbL wd{ klg xf] . lxGb" wd{df ljleGg ;f]x| ;+:sf/x¿ 5g\  uef{wfg, ;LdGtf]Ggog,

hftsd{, gfdf+s/0f, lg:s|d0f, cGgk|f;g, r'8fsd{, ljBf/De, s0f{j]b, o1f]kljt, j]bf/De, s]zfGt,

;dfj{g, ljjfx / cGToli6sd{ . oL ;+:sf/x? nfdf] cEof;kl5 dfgjnfO{ ;';+:s[t, g}lts /

r/Lqjfg agfpg >[lif d'gLx?n] :yflkt u/]sf x'g\ . a}1flgs ?kdf ;d]t :yflkt oL ;+:sf/x?nfO{

xfdL hfgL, ghfgL cEof; ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . oL ;+:sf/x?nfO{ xfdLn] /fd|f];+u a'em]/ cg'z/0f /

cDof; u/]df hLjg ;kmn / ;fy{s aGb5 .

u= lxGb" wd{df d"lt{ k"hfsf] z'?jft

jf}4 / h}g wd{fjnDjLn] d"lt{ k"hf ug{ yfn]kl5 lxGb" wd{df klg d"lt{ k"hfsf] z'?jft ePsf] kfO{G5 .

cfh eGbf sl/j afx|;o jif{ klxn] ha ef/tdf af}4wd{ / d'l:nd wd{n] lxGb" wd{sf d"No,

dfGotfdfly cfqmd0f ug{ yfn] ta cfB z+s/frfo{n] h6Ln efiffdf /x]sf xfd|f wfld{s u|Gyx?nfO{

efio cg'jfb u/L ;/n agfO{ lxGb"wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ / ;+/If0fsf] nflu ef/t e/ wfld{s ofqf u/] .

o; qmddf pgn] ef/tsf] k"j{df huGgfy, klZrddf åf/sf, pQ/df ab/Lgfy / blIf0fdf /fd]Zj/d\

;d]t rf/lk7x? :yfkgf u/L lxGb" wd{sf] k'g?{Tyfg u/] . cfB z+s/frfo{åf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf oL

kL7x?nfO{ xfdL rf/wfd klg eGb5f}+ . o;kl5 dWoo'ult/ ef/t / g]kfndf ljleGg ;Dk|bfox?n]

d7 dlGb/x? :yfkgf u/L To;df bjL, b]jtfsf] d"lt{x? /fvL k'hf ug]{ k|rngsf] ljsf; u/] .

dWoo'usf] cGTo;Dd d7 dlGb/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ tLa| ultdf ePsf] kfO{G5 .

3= wd{sf] nIf0f tyf ;f/tTj

lxGb" wd{ a]bdf cfwfl/t ;gftg wd{ xf] . dg'n] w}o{tf, ;xgzLntf, Ifdfbfg, OGb|Lo tyf

sfdaf;gf pk/ lgoGq0f, cGt:s/0fsf] z'l4s/0f, a'l4 ljj]ssf] ;d'lrt k|of]u, 1fg / ;Tosf]

vf]hL, clx+;f, ckl/u|xnfO{ wd{sf nIf0fx? atfpFb} qmf]w / rf]/L h:tf sfo{nfO{ kfksd{sf sf/s

tTj atfPsf 5g\ . lxGb" wd{sf] ;f/tTj eg]sf] c;n hLjg lhpg] Pp6f k4lt jf snf xf] . xfd|f

cu|h Clifd'lgx?n] xhf/f}+ jif{sf] cEof;åf/f cfˆgf] hLjg k4ltnfO{ Pp6f wd{sf] ?kdf ljsf; u/]

h;nfO{ xfdL lxGb" wd{ eGb5f} . Clifd'lgx?n] cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ a|Xdro{, u[x:y, jfgk|:y / ;Gof;

cf>ddf ljeflht u/L ljleGg ;+:sf/x?nfO{ wd{;+u hf]8L hLjgnfO{ ;';+:s[t agfpg] sfo{ u/] .

c;n sfo{x?nfO{ wd{ / v/fa sfo{x?nfO{ kfksf] ;+1f lbO{ dfgjnfO{ c;n sfo{tkm{ pTk|]l/t u/] .

 

c?sf] enf] ug'{ g} wd{ xf] eg] c?s:f}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL jf rf]6 k'¥ofpg' kfksd{ xf] .

sd{sf] kmn o;} hLjgdf kfO{G5, csf]{ dfgj hLjg 5}g . xfdL h:tf] sd{ ub{5f}+ To:t} kmn k|fKt

ub{5f}+ . c;n sfo{ u/] xfdLn] ;a}af6 ;Ddfg kfpF5f}, v/fa sfo{ u/] bl08t x'G5f}+ . t;y{ cfkm"nfO{

h'g sfd, s'/f, Jojxf/ jf cfr/0f /fd|f] nfUb}g To:tf] sfd, s'/f, cfr/0f jf Jojxf/ cfkm"n]

c?k|lt gug'{ g} wd{ xf] . wd{ / kfk JolQmsf] sfd, cfr/0f / Jojxf/af6 k|blz{t eO{/x]sf] x'G5 .

dftf, lktf, u'?, cltyL, jfns, j[4, czQm / bLg b'MvLsf] ;]jf ug'{, s;}sf] lx+;f, xTof gug'{,

;a};+u ;To / lk|o arg af]Ng', csf{sf] s'g} j:t' jf ;DklQ x/0f gug'{, csf{sf] s"enf] glrtfO{

k/f]ksf/df cyf{t\ c?sf] ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f ug'{ g} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] wd{ xf] . ;+If]kdf ;Dk"0f{

k|f0fL hutsf] sNof0fsf nflu ul/g] ;a} k"0o sfo{x? g} wfld{s sfo{x? x'g\ . k"jL{o bz{gn] æ;]jf

xL k/df] wd{Æ eGb} dfgjnfO{ k/f]ksf/df nfUg pTk|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ xfdLn] cfˆgf] cd"No

hLjgnfO{ :fAf}sf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{df s]lGb|t ug'{ kb{5 .

ª= a|XdfgGb / df]Ifk|flKt

lxGb" wd{n] wd{, cy{, sd{, df]If, k'g/hGd, / O{Zj/k|lt ljZjf; /fVb5 . o; wd{n] dfgj hLjg,

:ju{ / g/snfO{ c:yfoL Pj+ Ifl0fs dfGb5 . :ju{k|flKtsf] ck]Iff /fVg' dfgj hLjgsf] nIo xf]O{g .

df]Ifk|fKt ug'{ xfd|f] clGtd nIo xf] . wfld{su|Gyx?n] la/f6k'¿ifnfO{ g} k"0f{a|Xd jf k"0f{k/dfTdfsf]

?kdf JofVof ub}{ pxfFnfO{ g} c;Ld, cgGt, lgTo, zf:jt, lg/fsf/, k/a|Xd atfPsf 5g\ . oxL g}

k/d ;To xf] . ;t\, lrt\ / cgGt cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt g} k/a|Xd xf] . a|Xd k"hfcfhfb]lv w]/} 6f9f

/x]sf] x'G5 . 1fgL dxfk'?ifx? a|Xdsf] k"hf gu/L Wofgof]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . lxGb"x?n] ç cIf/nfO{

clt kljq a|Xd jfSo dfGb5g\ . cf]dsf] Wjlgdf k'/} a|XdfgGb u'GhL /x]sf] x'G5 . a|XdfgGbsf]

cg'e"lt ulx/f] Wofgof]uaf6 ldNb5 . o;} sf/0f Clifd'gLx?n] k/dfgGb k|lKtsf] nflu Wofg of]u g}]

ub{y] . j}lbssfndf cfo{x?n] g t b]jtfx?sf] d"lt{ k"hf ub{y] g dlGb/ g} agfpy] . pgLx?n]

clwsf+z ;do Wofgof]udf g} Joltt ub{y] . Wofgof]u k"0f{ ?kdf a}1flgs 5 . o;}n] g} dfgjnfO{

;a} k|sf/sf] tgfjaf6 d'lQm lbnfpF5 . t;y{ olb xfdL tgfjaf6 d'Qm e} k/dfgGb k|fKt ug{

rfxG5f} eg] zfGt d'b|fdf Wofgof]usf] cEof; u/f}+ . o;af6 g} k/dfgGb k|fKt x'G5 . d"lt{ k"hf,

tLy{ofqf / sd{sf08Lo o1flbåf/f o; o'udf df]Ifk|fKt ug{ lgs} s7Lg 5 . tTj1fg g} d'lQmdfu{sf]

Psdfq pkfo xf] . of]u ;fwgfåf/f cfk'mleq g} tTj1fgsf] vf]hL u/L hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg' g}

xfd|f] k/d nIo x'g' kb{5 .
 

!(= k"0f{ k/dfTdf / cfTdfsf] k|;Ë

k"jL{o bz{g cg';f/ k[YjLsf ;a} r]tgzLn hLjfTdfx¿sf] pTklQ k"0f{k/dfTdfaf6 ePsf] x'Fbf ;a}

k|f0fLdf k"0f{k/dfTdfsf] ;'Id c+z s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ljBdfg x'G5 . o;nfO{ cfTdf elgG5 . cfTdf

;w} ;Tosf] kIfw/ ch/, cd/ tyf kljq x'G5 . ;a} k|f0fLsf] cfTdf k"0f{k/dfTdfaf6 sfnzlQmsf]

e|ddf k/L lj5f]8 e} cfPsf] x'Fbf hLjfTdfn] k/dfTdf;+u ldng x'g vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ c1fgtf,

e|d, cGwljZjf;, ;f+;fl/s ef]u ljnf; tyf dfof hfnsf] aGwgdf km;]sf] sf/0f hLjfTdfsf]

k/dfTdf;+u ;xh ?kdf ldng x'g g;sL rf}/f;Lnfv of]gLdf k'gh{Gd eO{ 3'dL /x]sf] x'G5 .

hLjfTdf dWo] dfgjnfO{ ;[li6 s} pTs[i6 k|f0fL dflgG5 . 7"nf] k"0osd{ kZrft\ dfgj hLjg k|fKt x'g]

x'Fbf o;nfO{ lgs} b"n{e hLjg atfO{Psf] 5 . k'gh{Gdsf] rqmaf6 d'lQm kfpg ;Sg] Psdfq hLjfTdf

dfgj xf] . cGo hLjfTdf;+u a'l4 / 1fgsf] dfqf sd x'g] ePsf]n] d'lQm kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . dfgjn]

tTj1fgsf] dfWodåf/f jf:tljs 1fg k|fKt u/L k'gh{Gdsf] rqmaf6 d'lQm kfpFg ;Sb5 . ;f+;fl/s

ef]u ljnf;, cGofok"0f{ t/Lsfn] cfh{g ul/Psf] wg ;DklQaf6 ul/g] bfg, b]vfj6L sd{sf08Lo k"hf

cr{gf, tLy{:yfgsf] e|d0f cflb h:tf aflx/L sfo{af6 g t s'g} k"0o kmn k|fKt x'G5 g :ju{nf]s

k|fKt x'G5 .

k"jL{o bz{g cg';f/ O{Zj/ ;j{q ;j{Jofks 5 . ;a} k|f0fLsf] cGtcf{Tdfdf g} O{Zj/sf] lgjf; x'G5 .

rd{ rIf'af6 O{Zj/ jf k/dfTdfsf] bz{g ug{ ;lsb}g . O{Zj/sf] bz{g ug{ ;a{k|yd xfdLleqsf]

cGt:s/0fsf] lasf/,kmf]xf]/,d}nf cflb ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 . leqL 1fgsf] ;xfotfn] dfq eujfg\sf] bz{g

ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ eujfg\sf] bz{g ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] O{Zj/sf] vf]hL aflx/ xf]O{g cfkm"leqsf]

cGt:s/0fdf vf]Hg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu cfˆgf] dgnfO{ ;w} :jR5 / kljq /fvL cfkm"leq g}

eujfg\sf] nflu ;'Gb/ dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/L eujfg\nfO{ :yflkt u/fpg' kb{5 . tjdfq eujfgsf]

bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sfo{ tTj1fgaf6 dfq ;+ej x'G5 . tTj1fgn] g} xfdLleqsf] kmf]xf]/nfO{ ;kmf

u/L ;';"Kt ca:yfdf /x]sf] eujfg\sf] c+znfO{ phfu/ u/fO{ k"0f{ k/dfTdf;+u ldng u/fpFb5 .

t;y{ tTj1fg k|fKt ug{ eujt\ 1fg k|fKt u/]sf] c;n u'? jf dxfk'?ifsf] dfu{ bz{g jf ;T;+u

cfjZos kb{5 .

@)=j+zfjnLsf] pkof]lutf

xfdLnfO{ uf]q—k|j/sf] hfgsf/L lsg rflxof] < o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;lhnf] 5 . xfdL g]kfnLx¿ o;sf]

k|of]u lg/Gt/ ub{5f} . t/ jf:tljstf ;DjGwL] /fd|f] 1fg 5}g . xfdL s'g} klg b]jsfo{–lkt[sfo{ ubf{

;a}eGbf klxn] ;ª\sNkaf6 k|f/De ub{5f} . ;ª\sNk ubf{ xfd|f kl08thLx¿n] ;[li6sf] k|f/Deb]lv

jt{dfg ;do;Ddsf] sfnv08 ltly, ldlt, jf/, gIfq, /fzL, uf]q, k|j/ / gfd cflb Joxf]/f kf7 ug'{

ePsf] x'G5 . xfdL ;[li6sf] ;aeGbf >]i7 k|f0fL ePsf] gftfn] ljz'4 /Qm ;ld>0fdf ljZjf; /fVb5f}

. Tof] eg]sf] a}jflxs ;DaGw xf] . xfd|f] lxGb'" k4ltdf of] kIf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /xL cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f

CUj]b sfnb]lvsf k|flrg Clif—d'lgx¿n] g/ gf/L ;';DaGws} nflu uf]q—k|j/ ;DAfGwL ljleGGf

zf:qx¿sf] /rgf u/]sf 5g\ . a}jflxs ;DaGwdf xf8gftfdf ljjfx ug'{ x'Fb}g elgPsf] 5 . uf]q

eg]sf] clt k|flrg xf8gftf xf] . t;y{ ;uf]qLo jLr ljjfx ug'{ xF'b}g . lsgls ljjfx ;DaGwdf

uf]q—k|j/sf] ;d'lrt ;dGjosf] cefjdf j+z lj:tf/df b'ikl/0ffd cfpg ;S5 . ljjfx j+z

lj:tf/sf] k|d'v s8L xf] . oxfF j/ jf sGofsf] ;fgf] e"n jf c1fgtfn] eofjx kl/0ffd Nofpg

;Qm5 . t;y{ xfd|f k"j{hx¿sf] syg 5 æd"nsf] kfgL vfg', s"nsL 5f]/L ljjfx ug'{Æ . oxfF ;uf]qLo

AfLr ljjfx gug'{ eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] . ljz'4 /h—jLo{;ld>0fn] hlGdPsf] ;Gtfgsf] h'g pHHjn

eljio 5 Tof] ;uf]q ljjfx jf cGo hftLo ljjfxaf6 ;+ej x'Fb}g a¿ To;n] clgi6 lgDTofpg

;Qm5 . o; tYonfO{ cfw'lgs j}1flgs Pj+ dfgjzf:qLx¿n] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . o;}sf/0f

ljjfx ubf{ uf]q / k|j/nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{G5 .

 

j+zfjnL cfˆgf] uf]q, y/, k'vf{, hft, wd{, k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/, wfld{s d"No dfGotf /

k/Dk/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng, cfˆgf k'vf{x¿sf] af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{, cfˆgf aGw'afGwj

aLr Pstf tyf ;dGjo sfod ug{, s"nfog k"hfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ h:tf cflb sfo{x¿df

pkof]uL x'G5 . cGTodf wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gL / cGo uf]qsf k|frLg k"vf{x?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L

lng O{R5's kf7snfO{ k|:t't n]vn] cf+lzs ?kdf lh1f;f d]6fpg ;xof]u k'Ug] cfzf /fVb5' .

wGojfb .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L

gf]6M k|:t't n]v laqmd ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn dfu{ !@ ut] ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] xf] .

!= g]kfnL y/ uf]q–k|j/ sf]z — >Lxl/ ¿kfv]tL, /Tgk':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L, sf7df08f}+, g]kfn .

@= aX|df08k'/f0f—uLtfk]|; uf]/vk'/, ef/t .

#= j/fxk'/f0f — uLtfk|]; uf]/vk'/, ef/t .

$= >L :j:yfgL a|tsyf, r08]Zj/L k|sfzg k|f=ln=, ef]6flx6L, sf7df08f}+, g]kfn .

%= >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0f,uLtfk|]z uf]/vk'/ .

^= g]kfn;+:s[tljZjljBfnok~rfËd\, @)^(

&= u'/fufO{+ j+zfjnL @)%&

* ljlsk]l8of, OG;fOSnf]k]l8of .

(= 1fg u+uf, k|rf/ k|;f/ ;ldlt, ;tnf]s cf>d xl/of0ff, ef/t

!)= ;[li6rqm tyf dfgj ;dfh, 8f= eb|jL/ clwsf/L, @)^#

!!= wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gL j+zfjnL, wg~ho uf]qLo j+z k/Dk/f, >L gf/fo0f k|;fb d/fl;gL, :jfdL zlzw/ :d[lt k|lti7fg ;]dnf/, a]njl/of ?kGb]xL,

@)&)

!@= ldNs]sf lemNsf, 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{, ls/ft]Zj/ k|sfzg, :ju{k'/L, /lj, kfFry/ d]rL c~rn g]kfn,bf]>f] ;+:s/0f, @)&)

19

wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] k'Vof}{nL :yfg

sfzLgfy d/fl;gL

d/]Ë *, cfFksf6], c3f{vfFrL, xfn sf7df08f}

!= dfgj hfltsf k|yd k'vf{

jt{dfg k':tfsf xfdL ;a}nfO{ xfd|f k'vf{x¿ sf] lyP < sxfFaf6, slxn] cfPsf x'g\ < eGg]

lh1f;f pTkGg x'g' :jefljs} xf] . dfgj k'vf{sf] Oltxf; lgs} k'/fgf] 5 . k"jL{o bz{g /

kfZrfTo bz{gdf k[YjL / dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ / ljsf; qmdsf ;DaGwdf km/s km/s wf/0ff,

l;4fGt / dfGotf /x]sf 5g\ . kfZrfTo bz{gn] jt{dfg dfgjnfO{, ljsf;jfbL l;4fGt cg';f/

cldjf, hnr/k|f0fL To;kl5 :ynr/k|f0fL / lrDkfl~hsf] ljsf;qmd kf/ub}{ ljsf; ePsf]

ljsl;t ¿k dfGb5 t/ k"jL{o bz{gdf >L xl/ lji0f'sf] gfleaf6 lIf/;fu/df sdnsf] km"ndfly

pTkGg a|Xdfn] dfgj ;[li6 k|f/De ug'{ ePsf] atfO{Psf] 5 . k"jL{o bz{gsf cg';f/ a|XdfhLaf6

pTklQ ePsf :joDe'j dg' g} xfdL dfgj hfltsf ;aeGbf klxnf] k'vf{ x'g\ . :joDe"j dg' /

pgsL /fgL zt¿kfaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtltx¿ dfgj hfltsf w]/} klxn]sf k|yd k'vf{x¿ x'g\ .

jt{dfg dfgj hfltsf cflbd k'vf{ j}j:jt dg' x'g\ . oLg} dg'sf ;Gtltx¿af6 jt{dfg ljZJf

9flsPsf] 5 . oxL g} dfgj ;dfhsf] jt{dfg xf] . o;}leq xfdL ;dflxt 5f}+ .

@= k'vf{x¿sf] pb\ud :yn

k"jL{o bz{g cg';f/ lIf/;fu/df lji0f'sf] gfleaf6 sdnsf] km"ndfly pTkGg a|Xdfn] ;[li6sf]

k|f/De ug'{ ePsf] xf] . a|Xdfn] k[YjLsf] s'g :yfgdf a:fL ;[li6 k|f/De ug'{ ePxf]nf < eGg]

sf}t'xntf ;a}df pTkGg x'G5 . c/af} aif{ klxn] la/f6k'¿ifaf6 /rgf ul/Psf] k[YjLdf w]/}

sNkx? lalt;s]sf 5g\ . k|f/lDes k[YjLsf] :j¿kdf tfkdfg tyf hnjfo'df cfPsf] kl/jt{g,

aiff{, e"sDk / Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g h:tf ef}ule{s 36gfx?sf] sf/0f jt{dfg ;do:fDd

cfO{k'Ubf cfd"n kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ef}ule{s kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffd :j?k k|f/lDes ;d'b|x?

lxdfnosf] ?kdf / kxf8x? ;d'b| tyf vf8Lx?sf] ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf] s'/f e"uj{ljb\x?n]

atfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . t;y{ a|XdfhLn] z'? ug'{ ePsf] ;[li6 :yn s'g xf] < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/

;xh / cflwsfl/s ¿kdf lbg ;lsb}g . k"jL{o bz{g, ljleGg k'/f0f, dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ /

ljsf; tyf cGo cg';GwfgfTds n]vx¿sf cfwf/df a|Xdfn] dWo klZrd Plzof, o'/f]ksf]

pQ/L efu / clkm|sf dxfb]zsf] pQ/df kg]{ lqsf]0ffTds If]qdf a;L ;[li6sf] cf/De ug'{ ePsf]

cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . xfdL cfo{x¿ xf}+, cfo{x¿sf] pTklQ:yn klg Tot}lt/ atfO{Psf] 5 .

jt{dfg ¿z, ch/j}hfg / hlh{ofsf] aLrdf kg]{ ss]lzof / 6ls{sf] cf/f/t kj{tdfnfsf]

20

cf;kf;sf] If]qnfO{ g} cfo{x¿sf] pb\ud :yn ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . oxL g} xfd|f k|yd

k'vf{sf] pb\ud :yn xf] . tfTsfnLg ;dodf k[YjLdf hnjfo' / tfkdfgdf cfPsf] Jofks

kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f pQm:yfgaf6 cfo{x¿ :yfgfGt/0f u/]sf] ef}ue{ljb\ tyf dfgjzf:qLx¿n]

cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ .

#= l;Gw'3f6Lsf] ;Eotf

cf/f/t kj{tdfnfsf] cf;kf;af6 cfo{x¿ -xfd|f w]/} klxn]sf k'vf{ O{;fk"j{ xhf/f} aif{ klxn]

O/fgsf] t]x/fg, ckmuflg:yfgsf] pQ/L efu jfNvIf]q xF'b} k|frLg ef/tsf] l;Gw'gbLsf] lsgf/fdf

cfO{ a;f]af; ug{ yfn] . xhf/f} aif{;Dd l;Gw'3f6Ldf a;f]jf; u/L O{;fk"j{ ##)) b]lv !&))

;Dd l;Gw'3f6Lsf] ;Eotfsf] ljsf; u/] . dfgj :fEotfsf] ljsf;df l;Gw'3f6Lsf] ;EotfnfO{

k'/ftTjljb\x¿n] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ljsl;t ;Eotf dfg]sf 5g\ . of] ;Eotf x8Kkf /

l;Gw'÷;/:jtL ;Eotfsf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . o; ;Eotfsf] s]Gb|:yn l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf]

k~hfj / jt{dfg kfls:tfgsf] l;GwIf]q lyof] . ef/tdf of] ;Eotf pQ/df hDa'b]lv blIf0fdf

gd{bf;Dd, klZrddf an'lr:tfgsf] ;d'b|t6b]lv k"j{df d]/7;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . l;Gw' ;Eotf

k|frLg ld> / d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;EotfeGbf lgs} ljsl;t / 7"nf] lyof] . l;Gw'3f6Lsf] ;Eotf

O{=k'= @%)) b]lv !*)) ;Dd /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . l;Gw'3f6Lkl5 cfo{x¿ ef/taif{sf] k"j{tkm{

a;fO{ ;/fO{ ub}{ sfl:d/If]qdf cfO{ a;f]jf; ug{ yfn] . l;Gw'3f6Laf6 cfPsf] x'bf logLx¿nfO{

l;Gw' eGg yflnof] . kl5 l;Gw' zAb cke|+z e} lxGb" aGg uof] . ef/tsf] pQ/L lxdfno If]qdf

lxGb"x¿ a;f]jf; ug{ yfn]kl5 ;f] If]qsf] gfd g} lxGbs'z kj{tdfnf /xg uof] . lxGbs'z

ka{tdfnfaf6 lxGb"x¿ ef/ts} ;dy/ e"efutkm{ nfUg yfn] . ef/t e/ logLx¿sf] j+z lj:tf/

x'g uof] . lxGb"x¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] sf/0f ef/tnfO{ lxGb":yfg klg eGg yflnof] . g]kfn, ef/t

/ df}l/;;sf ax';ª\Vos hgtf lxGb" wd{df ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . xfdL ;a} lxGb"x¿ ef/taf6 g}

cfPsf xf}+ . ef/tdf lxGb"x¿n] cfˆgf] hLjg k4ltnfO{ Ps wd{sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/] h;nfO{

xfdL ;gftg j}lbs wd{ eGb5f}+ . of] wd{ ljZjsf cGo wd{eGbf lgs} k|frLg, pbf/ /

nf]ssNof0fsf/L 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf s/Lj kGw| k|ltzt cyf{t\ Ps c/a qLkGGf s/f]8

hgtfn] o; wd{df cf:yf /fVb5g\ . xfdL klg o;} wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿ xf}+ .

$= k'vf{x¿sf] k|frLg kf}/fl0fs :yn

g]kfnsf clwsf+z kxf8L a|fXd0f–If]qLox¿sf k"j{hx¿ sfGos'Ah If]qaf6 cfPsf] x'Fbf sfGos'AhL

klg elgG5 . kf}/fl0fssfndf sfGos'Ah If]qnfO{ sGgf}h elgGYof] . sfGos'Ah If]q k|frLg

ef/tsf] od'gf / sfnL -dxfsfnL÷zf/bf_ gbLsf] cGt/j]bLo If]q;Dd km}lnPsf] Ps :jtGq lxGb"

/fHo lyof] . pQ/L ef/tsf] km¿{vfjfb lhNnf / j/k/sf] If]q cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] dxfsfnL gbL -

zf/bf_ eGbf klZrdtkm{ /x]sf] s'dfpF, u9jfn / j/k/sf] If]q g} k|frLg sfGos'Ah If]q jf

sGgf}h /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . jt{dfg pQ/ k|b]zsf] sfgk'/ cGtu{t sGgf]h gfds lhNnf klg

/x]sf] 5 . sfGos'Ah xfdLx¿sf] kf}/fl0fs :yn xf] . g]kfn / O{i6 Ol08of sDkgL aLr ;g\

21

!*!^ df ;'uf}nL ;GwL x'g'eGbf klxn] g]kfnsf] klZrdL ;Ldfgf ;thn;Dd km}lnPsf] ;dodf

sfGos'Ahsf] s]xL If]q g]kfnleq /x]sf] lyof] . ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 g]kfnsf] klZrdL ;Ldfgf

dxfsfnLgbL;Dd ;Lldt /xg k'Uof] . kl/0ffd :j¿k s'dfpF, u9jfn, sf+u8f, b]x/fb'g, cflb

If]qx¿ g]kfnn] u'dfpg' k¥of] . k|frLg g]kfnsf] v; ;fd|fHosf] Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ h'Dnfsf]

l;~hfdf v; /fhfx¿sf] pbosfndf cyf{t\ O{zfsf] afx|f}, t]x|f}+ ztflAblt/ gfu/fh, qmfrNnb]j

/ czf]srNnb]jsf] zf;g sfndf sfGos'Ah l;~hfsf] clwgdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf]

k|frLg v; ;fd|fHo PsLs[t g]kfneGbf ljzfn lyof] . k/Gt' of] ;fd|fHo w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg

;s]g .

%= sfGos'Ahsf k|zfvfx¿

sfGos'Ah a|fXd0fsf tLg k|zfvfx¿ -;/o'kf/L0f, h'emf}ltof / aËfnL_ lyP . ;/o'kf/L0f

k|zfvfleq dxfsfnL -zf/bf_ / s0ff{nLgbLsf] hn k|jfx;Ddsf] cGt/j]lbsf] k"jL{If]q /x]sf] lyof]

eg] h'emf}ltofleq cof]Wof, ;fs]t / sf]zn lyof] . o:t} aËfnL k|zfvfleq aËfn /x]sf] cg'dfg

ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Gb{edf xfd|f k"j{hx¿ ;/o"kf/L0f k|zfvfleqsf] s'dfp, u0fjfn / j/k/sf]

If]qdf a;f]af; u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . O{zfsf] 5}7f}b]lv afx|f+} ztflAb aLr sfGos'Ah df}v/L, aw{g,

ufx8jfn cflb /fhj+zsf] /fHo:ynsf] ¿kdf k|l;4 /x]sf] lyof] . t's{x¿åf/f ef/tdfly ul/Psf]

cfqmd0fkl5 sfGos'Ah ljWj+z x'Fbf oxfFsf a|fXd0f If]qLx¿ sfGos'Ahs} k"j{ / pQ/L If]qtkm{

nfu]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . sfGos'Ah If]q g} xfd|f w]/} klxn]sf k'vf{x¿sf] k|frLg :yn ePsf] tYo

ef/tLo ljåfg >L lbjfs/ zdf{n] la=;+ !(^* df k|sflzt ug'{ ePsf] ef/t uf]q–k|j/–bLlksf

gfds d}7f0fLs[t u|Gyn] k|dfl0ft ub{5 . pQm u|Gydf wGf~ho uf]q / o; uf]qleqsf xf]d]ufO{,

l/hfn, e';fn, /f]sfxf/, e'8fn, e'/t]n cflb g]kfnL y/x¿;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] y/x¿sf] k|f¿k

kfO{G5 . pQm y/x¿ dWo] wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLx? l/hfn;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ . wg~ho

d/fl;gLsf] k|frLg y/ l/hfn lyof] . wg~ho uf]qLo l/hfn d/fl;gLsf uf]qLo aGw' afGwj x'g\ .

b}n]vaf6 k"j{tkm{ a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug'{ eGbf klxn] wg~ho d/fl;gLn] cfˆgf] y/ l/hfn n]Vby] .

jt{dfg ;dodf klg wg~ho d/fl;gL dWo] s;}s:f}n] cfˆgf] y/ l/hfn n]Vg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

^= sfGos'Ahdf u'Kt tyf t's{ ;'Ntfgx¿sf] cfqmd0f

ef/tLo k|frLg Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ u'Kt;d|fHosf] k|efjzfnL o'udf duwsf k|tflk u'Kt

;d|f6x¿n] ;g\ @&% -la=;+= ##@_ lt/ hd'gf dxfsfnL If]qsf d}bfgL efuaf6 zs, kNnj, gfu

cflb hfltx¿nfO{ kxf8tkm{ nv]6\g] sfd u/] . o;/L nv]l6Psf zs–v;, slnGb cGt{utsf

>LkfnL tyf kfnx¿ Pj+ gfuj+zLx¿ sfFu8f / sfGos'Ah nufot u9jfn–s'dfpF–8f]6L–

vf/Lk|b]z–;'j0f{e"ld cflb kxf8L–lxdfnL k|b]ztkm{ qmdzM k|j]z u/]sf] kfO{G5 . pQ/ ef/tjif{df

d'VotM od'gf–u+uf gbLsf cGtj]{bL x'Fb} ;/o" gbL -dxfsfnL–s0ff{nL cGtj]{bL ;d]t_ kf/ ub}{

k"j{tkm{ ;Eotf k|;fl/t x'g] qmddf sfGos'Ah jf sGgf}hsf] kf}/fl0fs sfnkl5sf] la=;+= &$&

lt/sf] pknAw Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ adf{, cfo'w, k|ltxf/, kfn, u9jfn–rGb /fhj+zsf]

zf;gqmd rNb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . lj=;+= !)&% df t's{ ;'Ntfg df]xDdb uhgjLåf/f sGgf}hdfly

22

ul/Psf] xdnf / n'6af6 sGgf}h lgs} Wj:t eof] . sGgf}hsf /fhf horGb| -lj=;+=!@@!–!@%)_

sf] zf;gsfndf t's{ ;'Ntfg d'h'l2g df]xDdb uf]/Ln] sfGos'Ahdf cfqmd0f u/] . pQm o'4df

/fhf horGb|sf] d[To' ePkl5 sGg}fh ;'Ntfg Ot'lTd;sf] clwgdf k'u]sf] s'/f ef/tLo Oltxf;df

rlr{t 5 . To;kl5 klg sGgf}hdf d';ndfgx¿sf] cfqmd0f /f]lsPg . la=;+= !@%) sf] d'h'l2g

df]xDdb uf]/Lsf] xdnf / lghsf] jLhokl5 sGgf}hdf axfpl2g t'lu|nnfO{ t's{ k|fGtkfn lgo'Qm

ul/Pkl5 sGgf}hsf] :jtGq lxGb" /fHosf] cl:tTj ;dfKt eof] . o;/L w]/} aif{;Dd o'4 ubf{ /

o'4df k/fhoxF'bf sfGos'Ah ;Eotf gi6 x'g uof] . sfGos'AhL a|fXd0f ;d'bfosf] cufl8 of t

hj/hl:t lxGb" wd{ kl/jt{g u/L d'l:nd wd{ ckgfpg' kg]{ of b]xkl/Tofu ug'{kg]{ of sfl6g' kg]{

cyjf knfog x'g' kg]{ h:tf ljsNk dfq afFsL /xg k'u] .

&= d'un ;d|f6x¿sf] cfqmd0f / lxGb"x¿ knfog

d'l:nd zf;s afa/n] O{=;+ !%@^ df lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg Oa|flxdnf]bLnfO{ kfgLktsf] k|yd o'4df

x/fPkl5 ef/tdf d'un ;fd|fHosf] :yfkgf eof] . o;kl5sf lbgx¿ klg lxGb"x¿sfnflu ;'vb

/x]gg\ . d'l:nd /fHox¿sf] lj:tf/sf] ;fy;fy} lxGb" /fHox¿sf] ktg x'g yfNof] . d'l:ndx¿n]

lxGb"x¿dfly cTofrf/ ub}{ uP . hj/hl{:t wd{ kl/j{tg u/fpg], dlGb/x¿ eTsfpg], d'lt{x¿

kmf]g]{, n'6\g] h:tf sfdx¿ eP . O{=;+= !&)$ df l;v /fhf u'¿ uf]ljGb l;+xsf b'a} 5f]/fx¿

O:nfd wd{ gdfg]sf] sf/0f 3fF6L sf6L dfl/P . O{=;+= !&)& lt/ d'l:nd ;d|f6 cf}/Ëh]jn]

ef/tdf ljzfn d'l:nd ;fd|fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . O{=;+= !&%# df cxdbzfx cAbfnLsf] g]t[Tjdf

ckmufg ;]gfx¿n] lxGb"x¿ a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfgx¿ dy'/f, a[Gbfjg / uf]s'ndf cfqmd0f u/L

lxGb"x¿sf] g/;+xf/ u/] . d'l:ndx¿af6 dlGb/x¿df cfuf] nufpg], eTsfpg], d'lt{x¿sf] ckdfg

ug]{, :qLx¿sf] OHht n'6\g], ;fw' tyf k'hf/Lx¿sf] aw ug{] / aRrfsf z/L/ 6'qmf6'qmf u/L

sf6\g] h:tf cdfgjLo sfdx¿ eP . a|fXd0fx¿sf] hg} sf6\g], pgLx¿nfO{ ha/hl:t ceIf

lrha:t'x¿ Vjfpg] h:tf sfo{x¿ x'g yfn] . kl/0ffd:j¿k ;f] If]qaf6 lxGb"x¿ knfog x'g

yfn] .

*= sfGos'Ahaf6 s0ff{nL k|b]zdf cfudg

d';ndfgx¿sf] r/d oftgf ;xg g;sL cfˆgf] hLjg / wd{sf] /Iffsfnflu sfGos'Ahsf

a|fXd0f tyf If]qL ;d'bfox¿ O{=;+= !)!% b]lv !&)* sf] aLrsf] cjlwdf sfGos'Ahaf6 knfog

x'Fb} ;'/lIft :yfg vf]hL ug]{ qmddf s0ff{nL k|b]zaf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] k|;Ë g]kfnsf] k|frLg /

dWosfnLg Oltxf;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf wg~ho uf]qLo l/hfn y/sf

a|fXd0fx¿sf k"j{h ;'/lIft :yfgsf] vf]hLdf jt{dfg ef/tsf] pQ/fv08sf] lkyf}/fu9, u9jfn,

s'dfpF, x'b} g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qaf6 jxg] s0ff{nL gbLsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ h'Dnfsf]

l;~hf If]qdf cfO{ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] cg'dfg 5 . h'Dnfsf k|ofubQ l/hfnsf 3/df /x]sf]

tfd|kqdf o:tf] s'/f pNn]v 5 eGg] k|;Ë >L clDasf k|;fb d/fl;gLn] @)^# ;fndf k|sflzt

ug'{ ePsf] æwg~ho uf]qsf d/fl;gLx¿sf] j+zfjnLÆ gfds k'l:tsfdf n]Vg' ePsf]5 .

sfGos'Ahaf6 knfog x'g' k"j{ d/fl;gLsf k"j{hx? d7 dlGb/df a;L k"hfcfhf ug]{ ub{y] eGg]

hg>'lt klg 5 . ef/taf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf d/fl;gLsf k"j{hx? g]kfndf cfPkl5 klg cfˆgf]

wd{, ;:s[lt cg';f/ dlGb/ / /fhfsf] b/jf/df k'/f]lxtsf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] Oltxf; kfO{G5 .

23

(= s0ff{nL k|b]z g]kfnL efiff tyf y/x¿sf] pTkltsf] >f]t

l;~hf pkTosfsf] b[io

g]kfnsf clwsf+z a|fXd0f ;d'bfox¿ jt{dfg ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 cGtu{t kg]{ s'dfpF,

u8jfnaf6 s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] l;~hf x'Fb} g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] kfO{G5 . l;~hf pkTosf s0ff{nL

c~rnsf] h'Dnf lhNNffdf kb{5 . of] pkTosf lgs} /d0fLo / pj{/ 5 . l;~hfaf6 g} jt{dfg

g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ / ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o; pkTosfaf6 l;~hfgbL jx]sf] 5 . l;~hfgbLsf]

k"jL,{ blIf0fL lsgf/df nfdfyf8f gfds ;fgf] y'Dsf] 5 . k"j{ dWosfndf nfdfyf8f zlQmzfnL

v; ;fd|fHosf] /fhwfgL lyof] . xfn of] :yfg eUgfjz]ifdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . k|frLg v;

/fHosf] d'Vo /fhwfgL /x]sf] l;~hf ;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/j (%)) lkm6sf] prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . of]

:yfgdf k'if,df3df lxpF kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f l;~hfnfO{ v; ;fd|fHosf] u[idsfnLg /fhwfgL

agfO{Psf] lyof] eg] b}n]v lhNnfsf] b'Nn'nfO{ zLtsfnLg /fhwfgL agfO{Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]

kxf8L If]qdf a;f]af; u/]sf a|fXd0f tyf If]qLx¿ k|f/Dedf s0ff{nL k|b]zaf6 k|j]z u/L u08sL

k|b]z, u08sLaf6 jfUdtL k|b]z x'Fb} k"jL{ sf]zL k|b]ztkm{ lj:tf/ ePsf] kfO{G5 . o;}u/L

kxfl8If]qdf a;f]jf; u/]sf clwsf+z Af|fXd0f / If]qL ;d'bfox¿sf] y/sf] pTklQ klg v;

;fd|fHosf ;/sf/L bhf{ / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ufF+psf gfdaf6 /x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL

y/ / ltgsf] pTklQ ;|f]t lgDg 5g\ —

s= vz ;fd|fHosf ;/sf/L bhf{af6 pTklQ ePsf y/x¿

clwsf/L – b/fsf] xflsd, sfsL{ – /fh:j clws[t, e§ —/fhk'/f]lxt jf wdf{lwsf/L

e08f/L – /fhsLo sf]ifsf] k|d'v, n]vs – n]vs,dxtf/f –u|fdk|d'v,/f]sfof–dxtf/fsf] ;xof]uL,

yfkf, v8\uf, /fgf, a'9f / a'9fyf]sL – ;}lgs bhf{ cflb . o;}u/L cfrfo{ / zf:qL y/ eg]

of]Uotfsf cfwf/df /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

v= s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ufFpsf] gfdaf6 pTklQ ePsf y/x¿

h'Dnf lhNnfsf] lwtfufpFsf] gfdaf6 lwtfn, kf08';]/faf6 kfF8], l;~hfaf6 l;hfktL, rf}l8nfufpFaf6

rf}nfufO{, Kofs'/Laf6 Kofs'/]n / l;Dvf8faf6 l;Dv8f y/ /xg uPsf] kfO{G5 . oL ;a} y/x¿

a;f]jf; u/]sf] 7fpFsf] gfdaf6 /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L aemfË lhNnfsf] /]udaf6 /]UdL, ;f]taf6 ;f]tL,

24

vf/af6 v/]n,v/fn, ;'jf8faf6 ;'j]8L, aofgfaf6 aflgof cflb y/x¿ ag]sf 5g\ . afh'/f lhNnfsf]

hds§Laf6 hd/s6]n, 5ftLaf6 5Tofn, s'F8Laf6 s'8\ofn / a]nsf6]af6 a]nsl6of, vfltjf8faf6

vltj8f h:tf y/x¿sf] pTklQ ePsf] kfO{G5 . d'u' lhNnfsf] vgfof, sfn}ufFp / vTof8af6 qmdzM

vgfn,sTofn / vltj8f tyf sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] aGhf8faf6 aGhf8], afFemsf]6faf6

afFemsf]6f,etf{af6 e'tf{n, /fr'af6 ¿rfn, u]nfaf6 u]nfn y/x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . o:t}

bfª lhNnfsf] /hf}/f ufpFaf6 /hf}l/of / dfemufFpaf6 demu}of y/ ag]sf 5g\ .

b}n]v lhNnfsf] ljleGg ufpFsf] gfdaf6 w]/} y/x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

nfld5fGgLaf6 nfld5fg], afF:sf]6af6 af:sf]6f, rfkfufFpaf6 rfkfufO{, g]kfaf6 g]kfn, l/h'af6

l/hfn, nD;'af6 nD;fn, nlDhaf6 nDh]n, kf]v/\af6 kf]v/]n,d8f;}gaf6 d/fl;gL,afF:tf]nLaf6

afF:tf]nf,;ftnfaf6 ;Tofn, nF'of6Laf6 n'O{6]n, a:tfsf]6af6 a:tfsf]6L, rfkfufpFaf6

rfkfufO{,bxaf6 bfxfn, u}x|faf6 u}/], el't{af6 e't]{n, k/fh'naf6 k/fh'nL,sf]O{nLaf6

sf]O{/fnf,bjf8faf6 bjf8L, sl§af6 s§]n, e'iffsf]6af6 e';fn, ;'Ooaf6 ;'h]n, rfN;faf6 rfnL;]

a8af6 a8fn / u'/ufpFaf6 u'/fufO{ y/x¿ ag]sf 5g\ . c5fd lhNnfsf] ltldN;}gaf6 ltldN;]gf,

3ld/fpFaf6 l3ld/], b]jsf]6af6 b]jsf]6f, 9+'uflgaf6 9+'Ëfgf, 9fsF'af6 9sfn, ahufFpaf6 ahufO{,

l/dfaf6 l/dfn, :jfF/faf6 :jf/, 3f]8f;}gaf6 3f]8f;}gL, k'8f;}gaf6 k'8f;}gL, wdfnLaf6 wdnf,

bgf{af6 bgf{n, s'Osfaf6 s'Os]n / a/fnfaf6 a/fn y/x¿sf] pTklQ ePsf] 5 . o:t} a}t8L

lHfNnfsf] ufh/LufpFsf] gfdaf6 uh'/]n y/ /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L 8f]6L lhNnfsf] 8f]6]vf]nfaf6 8f]6]n,

lg/f}nLaf6 lg/f}nf, cf]emfgfaf6 cf]emf, af]u6fgfaf6 af]u6L, d'8e/faf6 d'8e/L cflb y/x¿sf]

ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 .

!)=l;~Hffaf6 c5fd lhNnfx'b} b}n]v lhNnfdf cfudg

c5fd lhNnfsf] tf]iff wdfnL eGg] :yfgdf lj=;+ !!!# b]lv !!%) sf] cf;kf;df bgf{nL /fhfn] /fh

u/]sf lyP . oL /fhfn] h'Dnfaf6 k'/f]lxtsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ Pshgf afXd0fnfO{ lemsfP . h'Dnfaf6

c5fd lhNnfsf] tf]iff wdfnLdf lemsfO{Psf a|fXd0fn] /fhfsf] b/jf/df k'/f]lxtsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{

yfn] . kl5 logsf ;GttLx¿ b/af/Lofx?sf] k'hf cr{gf ug{ 5f8L s0ff{nL gbLsf] k"j{ /x]sf] b}n]v

lhNnfsf] jt{dfg lj;fnf uf lj=;=sf] j8f g+ * df kg]{ ;fgf] pkTosf h:tf] If]qdf cfO{ s'6L agfO{

a;f]jf; ug{ yfn] . kl5 logsf ;Gtltx¿ a[l4 ePkl5 b}n]v lhNnfs} l5p8L k';fsf]6 uf=lj=;=sf]

/g', vfg' / /Lh' ufpFdf uO{ a:g yfn] . /Lh' ufpFdf a:g yfn]kl5 wdfnLaf6 cfPsf a|fXd0fsf]

wdfnL y/ kl/jt{g x'g u} /Lhfn x'g uof] . kl5 b'Nn' /fhfsf] /fhk'/f]lxtsf] ?kdf /Lhfnx?nfO{

lgo'lQm ul/of] . l;~hf / c5fd lhNnfaf6 a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] qmddf b}n]v cfPsf /Lhfnx¿sf k"j{hx?

s]xL ;do b}n]vsf] ljleGg ufFpdf a;L ToxfFaf6 kxf8L e"—efu x'Fb} k"j{tkm{ nfu]sf x'g\ .

b}n]v lhNnfsf] ljleGg ufFp / 7fpFsf] gfdaf6 w]/} y/x¿sf] ljsf; klg ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f b}n]v

lhNnfsf] /fptsf]6 / b'Nn'df a;f]jf; ul//x]sf l/hfnx¿n] Ps :j/df atfpg] ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f

>L k|sfz lh=l;= -u'/fufO{ n] :ynut e|d0f / k|ToIf cGtjf{tfsf] qmddf atfpg' ePsf] k|;Ë

lj=;+= @)%& ;fndf k|sflzt u'/fufO{ j+zfjnLdf Ú;°nssf] sndaf6Æ gfds n]vdf pNn]v ug'{

ePsf] 5 . ;f] 7fpFsf l/hfnx¿ ToxfFaf6 a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L k"j{tkm{ nfu]sf] x'bf ToxfFsf l/hfnx¿;+u

wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLx¿sf] ;uf]qLo ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L >L clDasf k|;fb d/fl;gLn]

25

n]Vg' ePsf] k'l:tsfdf klg c5fd lhNnfsf] wdfnLaf6 k'vf{x¿ kxf8L e"efu xF'b} b}n]v lhNnfsf]

ltn]kf6f uf=lj=;=sf] d8f;}g eGg] :yfgdf cfO{ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5 . jt{dfg

;dodf d8f;}g b}n]v lhNnfsf] ltn]kf6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] j8f g+ # df kb{5 .

d8f;}gsf] k"j{df tf]nLh};L, klZrddf /fsd, pQ/df s§L / blIf0fdf ;fQnf uf=lj=;= kb{5g\ eg]

d8f;}gsf] l5d]sL ufpFx¿df 5]kf8L lepn]sf]6, a]8'kf6f/ / ltn]kf6f kb{5g\ . c3f{vfFrL lhNnfdf

cfpg' k"j{ d/fl;gLx?sf] k"Vof}{}{nL] y/ l/hfn ePsf] k|;Ëdfly pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . c5fdaf6

b}n]vdf cfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf l/hfnx¿ w]/}kl5;Dd cfˆgf] s"nk'hf ug{ c5fd lhNnfsf] wdfnLdf

hfg] u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f u'NdL lhNnfsf wg~ho uf]qLo e08f/Lx¿sf] j+zfjnLdf klg pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLx?sf k'vf{x¿ c5fd lhNnfsf] wdfnL x'b} b}n]v

lhNnfdf cfPsf] eGg] egfO{df ;Totf kfO{G5 . :ofª\hf, sf:sL / gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf klg

d/fl;gLx?sf] a;f]jf; 5 t/ pxfFx? sf}l8No uf]qLo a|fXd0f x'g'x'G5, t;y{ :ofª\hfsf

d/fl;gLx?;+u wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] ;uf]qLo ;DjGw 5}g . t/ pxfFx?sf] k'vf{x?sf] g]kfn

cfudgsf] Oltxf; eg] dfly pNn]v u/] cg'?k g} xf] .

!!= k'vf{x¿sf] c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] afd¿sdf cfudg / lj:tf/

b}n]v lhNnfsf] d8f:f}gaf6 d/fl;gLsf k"j{h kxf8L e"efux'Fb} hfh/sf]6, ¿s'd, /f]Nkf / Ko'7fg

lhNnf kf/u/L c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] c3f{ eGg] :yfgdf cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . Tolta]nf g]kfndf

afO{;], rf}aL;] /fHox¿ lyP . rf}aL;] /fHo cGtu{t c3f{df tfTsfnLg ;dodf du/ /fhf lyP .

c3f{df s]xL ;do a;]kl5 k"j{hx¿ afd¿s eGg] :yfgdf cfO{ a;f]af; ug{ yfn] . afd¿s g}

cvf{vfFrL / u'NdL lhNnfdf a;f]af; u/]sf wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLx¿sf] kl5Nnf] d'Vo k'Vof}{nL

:yn xf] . afd¿s, c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd ;lGwvs{af6 klZrd pQ/ x+zk'/ ufpF ljsf;

;ldltsf] j8f g+= * df kb{5 . c3f{vfFrL lhNnfdf cfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf

d"n k'¿if x]dGt' ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . x]dGt'sf rf/efO{ 5f]/fx¿ lyP— /fdrGb|,km;'{,Psb]j / sfGt' .

x]dGt'eGbf k"j{ afd¿s jf c3f{df s'g} d/fl;gL lyP < lyPgg\ < eGg] hfgsf/L / clen]v xfn;Dd

k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . of] yk cg';Gwfgsf] laifo ag]sf] 5 .

d8f;}gsf] b[io

26

b}n]vsf] d8f;}gaf6 ljleGg :yfg x'Fb} c3f{ cfPsf l/hfnx¿nfO{ d8f;}g eGg] :yfgaf6 cfPsf] x'Fbf

d8f;}gL eGg yflnof] . kl5 of] zAb cke|+z eO{ d/fl;gL aGg k'Uof] / sfnfGt/df d/fl;gL y/df

kl/0ft eof] . afd¿sdf a;f]af; ug{ yfn]kl5 d/fl;gLsf] hg;ª\Vof la:tf/ x'g uof] . oxfFaf6

klg d/fl;gLx?sf k"j{hx¿ c3f{, lvlbd, lsd8fF8f, l8egf{, l9s'/f, 8]jf, uf]v'Ëf, 7"nfr]SdL, EjfFu,

tD3f;, cv{n], ef8ufFp,afUn'Ë / Ko'7fg cflb :yfgdf uO{ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] kfO{G5 . jt{dfg

;dodf oL :yfgx¿af6 klg ¿kGb]xL, slkna:t', gjnk/f;L, bfª\, b]pv/L, alb{of / sf7df08f}+

cflb :yfgx¿df d/fl;gLx¿sf] a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{ qmd rln/x]sf] 5 . xfn afd¿sdf d/fl;gLx¿sf]

hg;+Vof / a;f]jf; Go'g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . afd¿ssf s]xL d/fl;gLx¿ ¿kGb]xL lhNnfsf] a'6an

glhs} ;]dnf/df a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L d/fl;gLx¿sf] s"nfog dlGb/ lgdf{0f ug'{sf ;fy} >L !))* ;Gt

zlzw/ :jfdL :d[lt k|lti7fg ;d]t :yfkgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

!@= /];'Ëf;+u wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] ;DaGw

/];'Ëf;+u wg~ho d/fl;gLsf] ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . cjf{lrg ;dodf /];'Ëf >[io>[‹ gfds

>[lifsf] tkf]e"ld lyof] eGg] hg>'lt klg kfO{G5 . /];'‹f n'lDagL c~rnsf] u'NdL lhNnfsf]

;b/d'sfd;+u hf]l8Psf] cToGt /d0fLo pRr kxf8 xf] . u'NdL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tD3f; /];'‹fsf]

klZrdL k7f/df cal:yt 5 . 8f= 6Lsf/fd kGyLn] cjf{lrg /];'Ëf / s]xL hg>'ltx? gfds b'O{j6f

k':tsdf /];'Ëfsf] kf}/fl0fs, cjf{lrg / P]ltxfl;s kIfsf af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf uxg cWoog u/L

cg';GwfgfTds n]vx? k|sflzt ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ /];'Ëfdf tk:of ug]{ k|d'v tk:jL

tLghgf lyP — ;Gt >L zlzw/ :jfdL -tkMsfn !*%)—!())_, dxfk|e' nIdLgf/fo0f :jfdL

-tkMsfn !())—!(#%_ / ob'sfgGb k|e' -tkMsfn !(*#—@)!%_ . oL tLg} tk:jL wg~ho uf]qLo

l/hfn y/sf x'g'x'GYof] . ob'sfgGb k|e'sf] ;dodf /];'Ëfdf dxfo1, sf]6Lxf]d, 3[twf/f / j]b,k'/f0f

cflbsf] kf7 lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] lyof] . pgsf] tksfnsf] k|f/lDes ;dodf /];'Ëf j]bWjgLn]

u'~hodfg lyof] . /f0ffsfnLg k|wfgdGqL h'4 zd;]/sf] sfo{sfndf /];'Ëfn] g]kfnsf] bf]>f]

/fhwfgLsf] ?k ;d]t lnPsf] lyof] . k/Gt' /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dflKt;+u} ob'sfgGbsf] k|e'Tj klg sd

x'g uof] . cGttM pgnfO{ /fHosf]ifsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUof] . pgL kfun h:t} aGg k'u] .

l/;sf] emf]sdf cfj]udf cfO{ pgn] dlGb/x?df cfuf] nufO{ eUgfjz]ifsf] ?kdf kl/0ft u/] . o;kl5

pgL sf7df08f}sf] kz'kltgfysf] glhs /x]sf] d[u:ynLdf uO{ a:g yfn] . kl5 ToxL g} pgsf]

b]xfGt eof] . ob'sfgGbkl5 ef;]{sf k|e' 6Lsf/fd 9sfnn] rGbf p7fP/ dxfk|e' nIdLgf/fo0fn]

agfpg' ePsf] kf]v/Lsf] dd{t u/L To;sf] glhs} wd{zfnf klg agfpg' eof] . To;kl5 c3f{vfFrL

lsd8fF8f lgjf;L wg~ho d/fl;gL -hf] ob'sfgGbsf] 3[twf/f o1df ;'/] a|fXd0f x'g'x'GYof] _

lj=;+=@)#% b]lv @)#( ;fn;Dd ob'sfgGbsf] u'kmfdf a;L /];/];'Ëfdf k'gM 3[twf/f / j}lbs tyf

kf}/fl0fs o1 rnfpg' eof] . To;kl5 @)$@ ;fnsf] h]7 dlxgfdf of]uL g/xl/gfysf] ;+of]hsTjdf

k'gM /];'Ëfdf sf]6Lxf]dsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . jt{dfg ;dodf klg lsd8fF8fsf d/fl;gLaf6 /];'Ëfdf

cfhfk"hf rln/x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ /];'Ëf;+u wg~ho d/fl;gLsf] P]ltxfl;s ;DjGw /x]sf] 5 .

27

/];'Ëfsf] b[io

/];'Ëfdf lgld{t o1zfnf dlGb/

/];'Ëf kf]v/Lsf] b[io

28

!# 7"nfr]SdL, cQ/sfF8f, afNsf6] nfd8fF8f, ab{af;, v:sf]6 / cfFksf6]sf d/fl;gLx¿

!#=! ef}uf]lns kl/ro

7"nfr]SdL, xfn n'lDagL c~rn u'NdL lhNnfsf] /];'Ëf gu/klnsfsf] j8f g+= ^ df kb{5 . klxn] of]

:yfg c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] tfTsfnLg If]8fsf]7fF6L ufFp k~rfotsf] j8f g+= @ cGtu{t kb{Yof] . kl5

u'NdL / c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] ;Ldfgf x]/km]/x'Fbf 7"nfr]SdL, u'NdL lhNnfsf] cv{n] ufpF ljsf;

;ldltdf ufleg uof] . xfn cv{n] uf =lj =;= u'NdL lhNnfsf] /];'Ëf gu/kflnsfdf uflePsf] 5 .

cQ/sfF8f, afNsf6], nfd8fF8f / ab{af; eGg] :yfgx¿ jt{dfg ;dodf u'NdL lhNnfsf] /];'Ëf

gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ^ / % df kb{5g\ eg] v:sf]6 / cfFksf6] eGg] :yfgx¿ c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf]

d/]ª\ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] j8f g+= & / * df kb{5g\ . c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] d/]ª\ / eujtL] ufpF

ljsf; ;ldlt u'NdL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tD3f;;+u hf]l8Psf ;Ldfjlt{ uf= lj= ;= x'g\ .

!#=@ s/]r'nLsf] k|;Ë

wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf k"j{hx¿ klg s0f{fNfL k|b]zx'Fb} afd¿s;Dd cfPsf] k|;Ëdfly pNn]v

ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;kl5sf] lsDjblGt tyf P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ o:tf] 5  jfd¿sdf d/fl;gLx¿sf]

hg;ª\Vof a[l4x'g yfn]kl5 afd¿saf6 r]SdLsf d/fl;gLsf k"j{h vfFrLsf]6tkm{ nfu]sf] cg'dfg5 .

tfTsfnLg ;dodf c3f{ / vfFrL b'a} 5'§f5'§} /fHo lyP . t;y{ Ps /fHoaf6 csf]{ /fHodf uO{

a;f]af; ubf{ /fhfsf] cg'dlt lng' kb{Yof] . o;}sf/0f afd¿saf6 vfFrLsf]6 k'u]sf k"j{hx¿n]

vfFrLsf /fhf;+u cfkm'x¿nfO{ a;f]af;sfnflu pko'Qm :yfg pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w u/] . /fhfn]

s/]r'nL If]qdf uO{ a:g cfb]z lbP . s/]r'nL c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] l;dnkfgL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf

-dxfef/t >[ª\vnf / r'/] kj{tsf] aLrdf _ kb{5 . s/]r'nLdf a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] s]xL lbgdf g}

af3n] aRrf dfl/lbPkl5 o; 36gfnfO{ cz'e dfgL ;'/lIft :yfgsf] vf]hLdf ToxfFaf6 kfNkf

lhNnfsf] uf]v'Ëf eGg] :yfgtkm{ nfu]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . uf]v'Ëf xfn kfNkf lhNnfsf] e'jgkf]v/L

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf kb{5 . o;}u/L u'NdL lhNnfsf] pkNnf] tD3f;df a;f]jf; ug'{ ePsf] hf]v'

d/fl;gLsf] ;Gtltx?sf] k"j{h klg s/]r'nL x'b} pkNnf] tD3f; cfPsf] s'/f ;f] :yfgsf *@ aifL{o

>L k|]dg/fo0f d/fl;gL / dx]Gb| p= df= lj= tD3f;sf lzIfs >L s[i0fk|;fb d/fl;gLn] of] n]v

tof/ ubf{ atfpg' ePsf] 5 . s/]r'nL / ;f] :yfgsf] cf;kf;df xfn d/fl;gLx?sf] a;f]jf; 5}g .

t;y{ pQm :yfgdf k"vf{x?sf] a;f]jf; s]xL lbgsf] dfq ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .

!#=# 3]/fsf] n]ssf] k|;Ë

afd¿s, uf]v'Ëf / lkkny'd aLrsf] ef}uf]lns b"/L 6f9f /x]sf] tyf uf]v'Ëf;+u r]SdLsf

d/fl;gLx¿sf] j+zj[If hf]8\g g;lsPsf] sf/0f s]xL JolQmx¿n] r]SdLsf d/fl;gLsf k"j{h 3]/fsf]

n]slt/af6 cfPsf x'g\ klg eGg] ub{5g\ . afd¿saf6 uf]v'Ëf hfg sl/a b'O{ lbg k}bn ofqf ug'{kg]{

x'G5 eg] lkkny'd sl/a cf7 306fsf] k}bn ofqfkl5 k'Ug ;lsG5 . o; k|;Ëdf ufpFsf a"9fkfsfn],

xfd|f k"j{hx¿ 3]/fsf] n]slt/af6 cfPsf x'g\, pgLx¿n] ToxfFaf6 NofPsf k'/fgf afF;sf 7"nf–7"nf

9'ª\u|fx¿ xfdL;Fu s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd lyP, tL afF;sf 9'ª\u|fx¿df xfdLn] g'g, a];f/ cflb /fVg]

ub{Yof}+, eGg] ub{5g\ . 3]/fsf]n]s c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd ;lGwvs{af6 pQ/ x+zk'/

uf=lj=;=sf] afd¿saf6 glhs} kb{5, pQm n]ssf] km]bLdf 7"nf–7"nf afF;sf 3f/Lx¿ cBflk 5b}5g\ .

29

!#$ uf]v'Ëfaf6 lkkny'd cfudg

s/]r'nLaf6 uf]v'Ëf uPsf 7"nfr]SdLsf d/fl;gLsf k"j{hx¿ cfheGbf sl/a @&$ jif{ klxn] cyf{t\

lj=;+= !&(^ lt/ uf]v'Ëfaf6 jt{dfg 5qu~h ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] lkkny'd eGg] :yfgdf cfO{

a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] cg'dfg >L clDasfhLn] cfˆgf] dfly plNnlvt k|sfzgsf] d/fl;gLx¿sf]

k'Vof}{nL gfds n]vdf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ r]SdLsf k'vf{x¿n] lszfg / lrlbkfgLb]lv tn

/x]sf lem/afª\, 8'dfbL, lr;fkfgL / rf}jfsf v]t /f]Kg] ub{y], tL v]tx¿ uf]v'Ëfaf6 rlr{vfg 6f9f

ePsf]n] lkkny'd eGg] :yfgdf cfO{ pQm v]tx¿ ef]urng ug{ yfn]sf x'g\ . lkkny'ddf a;f]jf;

ug{ yfn]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 kz'r/0f Pj+ a;f]af; of]Uo 7fpFsf] vf]hLsf] qmddf k"vf{x? 7"nfr]SdLdf

cfPsf x'g\ . la=;+ @)@@ ;fn;Dd 7"nfr]SdLsf s]xL d/fl;gLx¿n] 8'dfbL, lr;fkfgL / rf}jfsf

v]tx¿ sdfpg] ub{y] . uf]v'Ëfaf6 lkkny'd cfpg] k'vf{x¿sf] gfd sf7', lst{' / dt' lyof] . logLx¿

tLgefO{ lyP egL clDasfhLn] n]Vg' ePsf] k'l:tsfdf pNn]v 5 .

7"nfr]lSdsf] 5fk, k}ofFkf6f / 7"nf3/sf d/fl;gLx?n ] w]/}kl5;Dd klg 8'd' fbL, lr;fkfgL / rf}jfsf

v]tsf kmfF6x¿af6 wfg, k/fn Nofpg] u/]sf] jf:tljstf o; klª\tsf/nfO{ ;d]t :d/0f 5 . oBlk

jt{dfg ;dodf ;a} d/fl;gLx¿n] ;f] :yfgdf /x]sf] k'Vof}{nL v]t a]lr;Sg' ePsf] 5, t/ r]SdLsf

d/fl;gLsf] v]t lautdf 8'dfbL, lr;fkfgL / rf}jfdf /x]sf] oyfy{ xf] . o; egfO{n] 7"nfr]lSdsf

d/fl;gL / kfNkf lhNnfsf] uf]v'Ëfsf d/fl;gL aLr glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . pkNnf]

tD3f;sf hf]v'sf ;GttL / 7"nfr]SdL tyf ToxfFaf6 lj:tf/ e} ljleGg :yfgdf a;f]jf; u/]sf

d/fl;gLsf k"j{hx¿ afd¿saf6 s/]r'nL, s/]r'nLaf6 uf]v'Ëf x'Fb} jf 3]/fsf]n]slt/af6 cfPsf x'g\

eGg] dfly plNnlvt 5'§f5'§} k|;ËnfO{ afd¿saf6 lx8]sf] k"j{hx¿sf] Pp6f xfFuf] s/]r'nL x'Fb}

uf]v'Ëfaf6 lkkny'd / pkNnf] tD3f; cfPsf] x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgfsf] ¿kdf a'Efm\bf oL b'a} egfO{df

;Totf / Ps¿ktf kfO{G5 . o:t} r]SdLsf k"j{hx? 3]/fsf]n]slt/af6 cfPsf x'g\ eGg] a'9fkfsfsf]

egfO{df klg ;Totf kfO{G5 lsgls 3]/fsf]n]saf6 afd?s glhs} kb{5 . r]SdLaf6 afd?s b]lvb}g

t/ 3]/fsf]n]s b]lvG5 . o;} sf/0f 3]/fs]n]slt/af6 cfPsf] eGg] egfO{n] :ki6 ?kdf afd?snfO{ g}

;ª\s]t ub{5 . h] xf];\ afd¿s g} wg~ho uf]qLo ;a} d/fl;gLsf] kl5Nnf] d'Vo k'Vof}{nL ynf] ePsf]

ljifodf eg] zª\sf ug]{ 7fpF 5}g .

!#=%= lkkny'daf6 7"nfr]SdLdf cfudg

lxGb" wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fdf cufw cf:yf /fVg] k"j{hx¿ v]ltof]Uo e"ld, r/0f / /d0fLo :yfgsf]

vf]hLdf lj=;+=!*$^ lt/ kLkny'daf6 7"nfr]SdLtkm{ a;fO{ ;/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . 7"nfr]SdLsf]

ef}uf]lns agfj6 / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ cg'kd 5 . oxfFaf6 wjnflu/L lxd >[ª\vnfsf] /fd|f] cjnf]sg

ug{ ;lsG5 . 7"nfr]SdLdf a;fO–;/fO u/]/ cfPsf sf7', lst'{ / dt' s;sf 5f]/f,gflt, knflt lyP

eGg] j+zj[If hf]8\g ;lsPsf] 5}g, ldNbf]h'Nbf] gfdsf] cfwf/df xfn;Ddsf] cWoogaf6 c3f{vfFrLdf

cfO{ a;f]jf; u/]sf d/fl;gLsf d"n–k'¿if x]dGt'sf sfG5f 5f]/f sfGt'sf ;Gtltx¿ x'g\ ls eGg] o;

klª\tsf/n] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg / k|df0f lagfsf] of] cg'dfg ;xL gx'g klg ;S5 . o;}u/L

sf7', lst'{ / dt'sf 5f]/f, gflt, kgflt sf] lyP < eGg] clen]v / hfgsf/L klg k|fKt x'g ;s]sf]

5}g . t;y{ 7"nfr]SdLsf d/fl;gLx?sf] j+zfjnLdf h]7f], dfOnf] / sfG5f] xfFu]sf ;GttL egL pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . oLgsf ;Gtfgx¿ j[l4x'Fb} uPkl5 7"nfr]SdLdf d/fl;gLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof pNn]Vo ?kdf

a[l4 ePsf] kfO{G5 . kl5 !* 3/ d/fl;gLx¿ eGg] o'lQm klg k|rlnt eof] . 7"nfr]SdLsf] sf]ndfly,

30

kNnfvs{, k}ofFkf6f, l;/fg, s';'08Ff8f, lgx'/], nfd8Ff8f / vGg]rf}/df a;f]jf; u/]sf d/fl;gLx¿

h]7f]xfFu] cyf{t\ sf7'sf ;Gtltx¿ x'g\ eg] cQ/sFf8f, l/7f¿v, 5fk, nfd8Ff8f, afNsf6] / dfemFf6Lsf

d/fl;gLx¿nfO{ dfO{nf]xfFu] eg]/ lrlgG5, logLx¿ lst'{sf ;Gtltx¿ x'g\ . sfG5f]xfFu] cyf{t\ dt'sf

;Gtltx¿leq 7"nf3/],afv|],kNnfvs]{, klNt/, Dofnf¿v],cfFksf6] / ab{jf;df a;f]jf; u/]sf

d/fl;gLx¿ kb{5g\ .

!$= jfd?saf6 lvlbd cfudg / lj:tf/

cfheGbf nueu #)) jif{ cl3 :fGt zlzw/ :jfdLsf dfO{nf efO{ k|]dgf/fo0fsf 5f]/f dl0f/fd

jfd?saf6 c3f{vfFrLsf] lvlbd cfpg] klxnf] wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gL x'g'x'G5 . lvlbddf cfpg]

d/fl;gLx? xfn c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] kf]v/fyf]s uf=lj=;= cGtu{t j8f g+ % lkkn8f8fdf a:g]

ug'{x\G' 5 . pQm :yfgdf cfO{ a;f]jf; ug]{ d/fl;gLx?df dxfkl08t blw/fd d/fl;gL, kl08t

wg~ho, kf}/fl0fs lj4fg jfdb]j, kl08t vu]Zj/, kl08t l6sf/fd wg~ho cflb k|Voft lj4fgsf]

?kdf ;'kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . kf]v/fyf]ssf] l;/df bxsf] n]s / k'5f/df b'jf{;]Zj/ u'kmf /x]sf 5g\, o;

:yfgdf kfl0fgL tyf b'jf{;f Clifn] tk:of u/]sf lyP eGg] lsDjblGt klg kfO{G5 . oxfFsf

d/fl;gLx? xfn ?kGb]xLsf] a'6jn, slknj:t', gjnk/f;Lsf] gf/fo0f3f6,lrtjgsf] e/tk'/,

jlb{ofsf] u'n/Lof, sf7df08f}+sf] uf}/L3f6, /ftf]k'n,j'4gu/,skg cflb :yfgdf j;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L

a;f]jf; ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . lvlbdaf6 sf7df08f} cfpg] d/fl;gL dWo] jf;'b]j d/fl;gLsf] ljz]if

kxndf dxfkl08t blw/fd d/fl;gL :d[lt k|lti7fg ;d]t :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

!%= pk;+xf/

c3f{vFfrL lhNnfsf] afd?saf6 lj:tf/ ePsf] wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf]

a;f]jf; cWoog ubf{ u'NdL lhNnfsf] 7"nfr]SDfL,vGg]rf}/, cQ/sf8fF, afNsf6], ;]pjf, nfd8fF8f,

nK;L, ab{jf;, /f]O{bL, cv{n], uf]jg], ef8ufpF / tD3f;df afSnf] a:tL kfO{G5 eg] ;f]xL lhNnfsf]

l;ldrf}/, xl:trf}/, O{:df, kf}bL cd/fO{ tyf jfUn'ª\ / Ko'7fg lhNnfdf d/fl;gLx?sf] kftnf] a:tL

5 . o; cltl/Qm c3f{vFfrL lhNnfsf] d/]ª\ uf=lj=;=sf] cfFksf6], v:sf]6 / lgp/], eujtL

uf=lj=;=sf] aflxufFp, EjFfu, sfx'n],tyf c8\la;], kf]v/fyf]s uf=lj=;=sf] lkkn8f8f / lvlbd, l9s'/f

uf=lj=;=sf] ;'/l;+ / 8]jf, lsd8f8f uf=lj=;=sf] lsd8f8f, c3f{ uf=lj=;=sf] c3f{ / w/dkfgL tyf

l8egf{ uf=lj=;=sf] l8egf{df wg~ho d/fl;gLsf] a;f]jf; pNn]Vo 5 . kfNkf lhNNffsf] uf]v'Ëf,

?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] ;]dnf/, slknj:t' lhNnfsf] OlDnofdf d/fl;gLx?sf] a;f]jf; j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 .

;]dnf/df a;f]jf; u/]sf d/fl;gLx? afd?saf6 cfPsf x'g\ eg] O{lDnofsf d/fl;gLx? c3f{vfFrL

lhNnfsf] d/]ª\ uf=lj=;=sf] cfFksf6]af6 a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L cfPsf x'g\ .

jt{dfg ;dodf kxf8L lhNnfx?af6 ?kGb]xL, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t', bfª\ ,alb{of tyf sf7df08f}

cflb lhNnfx?df d/fl;gLx?sf] a;fO{ ;g]{ qmd rln/x]sf] 5 . afd?saf6 a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L lvlbd

uPsf d/fl;gLx? xfn ?kGb]xL, bfª\, alb{of, gjnk/f;L, lrtjg tyf sf7df08f}+ cflb :yfgx?df

:yfgfGt/0f x'b} u/]sf] kfO{G5 . wg~houf]qLo d/fl;gLsf] j+zj[Ifdf 7"nfr]SdL / lvlbdsf

d/fl;gLsf] j+z t'ngfTds ¿kdf lgs} la:tf/ ePsf] kfO{G5 . 7"nfr]SdLaf6 g} lgp/], cQ/sfF8f,

cfFksf6], afNsf6], vGg]rf}/ / nfd8fF8f cflb :yfgdf d/fl;gLx¿sf] j+zj[If la:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

v:sf]6df a;]sf d/fl;gLsf k"j{hx¿ EjfFu / h'e'ª\af6 cfPsf] cg'dfg 5 . ab{af;sf d/fl;gLx¿

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cfFksf6] / v:sf]6af6 uPsf] b]lvG5 . ef8ufpF, cv{n], /f]lxbL, uf]jg], pkNnf] tD3f;, tD3f;,

l;ldrf}/sf / kf}bL cd/fO{sf d/fl;gL aLr glhssf] ;DaGw kfO{G5 . o;}u/L EjfFu, c8aL;] /

aflxufFpdf a;f]jf; u/]sf d/fl;gLx? Pp6} xfFufaf6 la:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . u'NdL lhNnfsf] O{:df,

afUn'Ë lhNnfsf] uNsf]6 / buft'd8fF8fFdf a;f]jf; u/]sf d/fl;gLx? cQ/sf8fFaf6 a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/L

uPsf] b]lvG5 . u'NdL lhNnfsf] xl:trf}/sf d/fl;gLx?sf k"vf{ d/]Ë uf=lj=;=sf] v:sf]6af6 uPsf]

kfO{G5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf d/fl;gLx? k/Dk/fut s[lif k]zfaf6 Aofkf/,pBf]u wGwf, ;/sf/L

;fj{hlgs ;]jf / lrlsT;f ;]jf tkm{ cufl8 a9\g yfn]sf 5g\ .

o;k|sf/ wg~ho uf]qLo k"j{hx¿sf] kfO{nf k5\ofpFb} hfbf lkkny'd, uf]v'Ëf, s/]r'nL, vFfrLsf]6,

lvlbd, afd¿s, c3f{, b}n]v, c5fd, l;~hf, s'dfpF, u9jfn, sGgf}h, sfl:d/3f6L, l;Gw'gbLsf]

lsgf/, ckmuflg:yfg, O/fg, 6ls{ / dWo klZrd Plzof, pQ/L o'/f]k tyf clk|msf dxfb]zsf]

lqsf]0ffTds If]qdf kg]{ c/f/t kj{tdfnfsf] cf;kf;;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 . o;}u/L k"jL{o bz{g cg';f/

k"vf{sf] k|frLg j+z vf]Hb} hfbf a|XdfhL;+u k'Ug ;lsG5 . cGTodf wg~ho uf]qLo d/fl;gLsf

k'vf{x¿sf] k|frLg :ynx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng OR5's kf7snfO{ k|:t't n]vn] cf+lzs ?kdf

ePklg lh1f;f d]6fpg ;xof]u k'Ug] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . wGojfb .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L

gf]6M k|:t't n]v laqmd ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn dfu{ !@ ut] ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] xf] .

!= d/fl;gL, clDasfk|;fb, æwg~ho uf]qsf d/fl;gLx¿sf] j+zfjnLÆ @)^#

@ =¿kfv]tL, >Lxl/ , æg]kfnL y/ uf]q k|j/ sf]zÆ /Tgk':tse08f/,@)^*

#= clwsf/L, k|f=8f=;"o{dl0f = v; ;fd|fHosf] Oltxf;,e'F8Lk'/f0f,@)^&

$ cfrfo{, jfj'/fd, k|frLg g]kfnsf] Oltxf; , k|f= >L s[i0f cfrfo{ , @)^#

% zdf{= jfnrGb,|g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf , jf/f0f;L, @)##

^= ljlsk]l8of, OG;fOSnf]k]l8of

&= u'/fufO{+ j+zfjnL @)%&

*= wg~ho uf]qLo e08f/Lx?sf] j+zfjnL, e'F8Lk'/f0f, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)&)

(= k|kGgfrfo{ ,8f= :jfdL, ldNs]sf lemNsf, ls/ft]Zj/ k|sfzg, :ju{k'/L, /lj, kfFry/, d]rL c~rn g]kfn,bf]>f] ;+:s/0f, @)&)

!)=kGyL, 8f=6Lsf/fd, cjf{lrg /];'‹f, ls/0f k':tsfno tD3f; u'NdL, @)^$

!!=kGyL, 8f=6Lsf/fd, s]xL hg>'ltx?, ls/0f k':tsfno tD3f; u'NdL, @)$!

32